Sociology A Level - Inequality
Mindmap of:
Evidence of Inequality
Theories of Inequality - E.g. Marxism, Feminism etc
Research Methods
- Created by: Stuart H
- Created on: 26-01-13 10:38
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- SOCIOLOGY
- THEORIES
- FEMINISM
- Horizontal Segregation: Men and women located in different sorts of occupations
- Benyon: Feminisation of the workforce - decline in industry has been very damaging to the male working class
- Mac & Ghaill - hegemonic masculinity - crisis of masculinity
- Reserve Army of Labour - provide cheap labour during times of economics growth and are disposed of during recession
- Beechey - Accepts this does not explain horizontal inequality
- Bruegal - Capitalism benefits from free domestic labour in the home .
- Beechey - Accepts this does not explain horizontal inequality
- Benyon: Feminisation of the workforce - decline in industry has been very damaging to the male working class
- Stanko: 1/3 of violent acts are committed by men against female partners
- Vertical Segregation: Men and women employed at different levels of power and pay
- Benyon: Feminisation of the workforce - decline in industry has been very damaging to the male working class
- Mac & Ghaill - hegemonic masculinity - crisis of masculinity
- Post-Mordist Theory - Society moved away from mass production, businesses require high-skilled workers and some flexbile part-time workers.
- Benston - Male wages pay for two
- Benyon: Feminisation of the workforce - decline in industry has been very damaging to the male working class
- Pahl; Men control the finances with families
- Ann Oakley: Mother-Housewife role has been responsible for the subordination of women in the workforce.
- Vertical Segregation: Men and women employed at different levels of power and pay
- Post-Mordist Theory - Society moved away from mass production, businesses require high-skilled workers and some flexbile part-time workers.
- Benston - Male wages pay for two
- Vertical Segregation: Men and women employed at different levels of power and pay
- Duncombe & Marsden: Women bare the brunt of domestic and emotional work in families
- Dual Burden
- Women experience a Triple Shift
- Barron & Norris: Dual Labour Market - Inequality is rooted in the divided labour market - women in secondary labour market
- Horizontal Segregation: Men and women located in different sorts of occupations
- Reserve Army of Labour - provide cheap labour during times of economics growth and are disposed of during recession
- Beechey - Accepts this does not explain horizontal inequality
- Bruegal - Capitalism benefits from free domestic labour in the home .
- Beechey - Accepts this does not explain horizontal inequality
- Reserve Army of Labour - provide cheap labour during times of economics growth and are disposed of during recession
- Horizontal Segregation: Men and women located in different sorts of occupations
- Braverman: Women used to replace skilled male workers in the deskilling of the workforce
- Walby - Triple System Theory
- Subordination - Patriarchal institutions
- Oppression: Men discriminate due to stereotypes
- Exploitation: E.g. Housework
- Fran Ansley - 'Takers of ****'
- Soak up frustrations of men
- Reductionist Theory - Reduce the explanation of inequality to one variable, often taking no account of other important variables
- Catherine Hakim - Rational Choice Theory
- KEY TERMS
- Conflict Theory
- Patriarchy
- The Glass Ceiling
- Male-stream Research
- Triple Shift
- Dual Burden
- Horizontal Segregation: Men and women located in different sorts of occupations
- FUNCTIONALISM
- Davis & Moore - Role Allocation
- Also said inequality is universal and inevitable
- KEY TERMS
- Consensus Theory
- Structural Theory
- Meritocracy
- Achieved and Ascribed status
- Social Mobility
- Anomie (Durkheim)
- The American Dream
- Talcott Parsons - Social solidarity and social cohesion
- 4 Functional Prerequisites
- Adaptation
- Economic Function
- Goal Attainment
- Politics
- Intergration
- Social
- Latency
- Beliefs & Values
- Adaptation
- Peter Saunders: Longitudinal study with 6800 results - Occupational status closely linked to hard work
- Kendall et al - Functionalists ignore other social factors e.g. discrimination
- Saunders -ConsumptionCleavage - Social re-stratification separating those who satisfy their needs and those who don't e.g. private schools etc
- Peter Saunders: Longitudinal study with 6800 results - Occupational status closely linked to hard work
- Davis & Moore - Role Allocation
- NEW RIGHT
- Charles Murray - Underclass Theory
- Culture of Welfare dependency
- Culture of Criminality
- Tax Avoidance cost the tax payer £13 billion a year
- 3 Principles of the New Right
- 1. Inequality is Inevitable
- 2. Market Liberlaism
- 3. Philosophy of Choice
- 2. Market Liberlaism
- 1. Inequality is Inevitable
- Reagan & Thatcher - Washington Consensus Era
- Trickle Down Theory - Arthur Laffer
- Abolished capital gains tax & increased VAT
- David Saunders - Belief that if you cut benefits it will encourage self-reliance
- Charles Murray - Underclass Theory
- MARXISM
- Key Terms
- Superstructure & Base
- Relations and Means of production
- False Class Concioussness
- Conflict Theory
- Economic Determinism
- Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
- Gramsci - Hegemony - Norms and values of the ruling class become the norm for all of society
- Althusser - Ideological and Repressive state apparatus
- Marxism& Politics
- B & P are two classes that are independent of one another but their interest never coincide
- Karl Marx Theory of Alienation
- NEO-MARXISTS
- 3 Classes: Bourgeoisie, Intermediary class and Proletariat
- Take into account social and intellectual factors
- Class Conflict - created due to the surplus profit being made by firms at the expense of the employees
- Marx predicted the two classes would polarise and the workers would become increasingly immiserised (poor)
- Key Terms
- WEBERIANISM
- Economics Determinism - Agreed with Marx that those who owned the means of production played an important part
- Class is determined by market situation
- In turn this affects
- Life Chances
- In turn this affects
- Life Chances
- Key Terms
- Life Chances
- Critical Theory
- 3 Areas of Stratification
- Class Power - Economic Power
- Social Power - Status & Prestige
- Party Power - Political
- Social Power - Status & Prestige
- Class Power - Economic Power
- Structure of Society
- 1. Dominant property owners and commercial class
- 2. White collar intelligentsia
- 3. Petty Bourgouisie
- 4. Manual Working class
- 3. Petty Bourgouisie
- 2. White collar intelligentsia
- 1. Dominant property owners and commercial class
- NEO-WEBERIANISM
- John Goldthorpe - Belief that there are 7 classes - within 3 social classes
- Created the NS-SEC - Government Occupational Scale
- Neglectful of the role of women
- Service Class - Intermediate Class - Working Class
- John Goldthorpe - Belief that there are 7 classes - within 3 social classes
- Anthony Giddens -Inequality due to social exclusion more than income poverty
- POST-MODERNISM
- Key Terms
- Subjective Theory
- Consumerism
- Don't believe in Meta-narratives (big stories) e.g. Christianity
- Globalisation
- Pluralistic Society
- Media saturated society
- Lyotard - No set norms and values in todays society
- Westergaard - Ignore gap between rich and poor
- Pakulski & Waters - Death of class
- Economic Society - Heirarchal Society - Status Society
- Baudrillard - No knowledge can assumed to be right
- Hebdige - People now create their identity/status through what they buy and consume
- Key Terms
- FEMINISM
- EVIDENCE FOR INEQUALITY
- GENDER
- 2001 Labour Force Survey: 90% of nurses and 88% of hairdressers are female
- ONS: 44% of women employed are part-time
- Joseph Rowntree Report: Most top paid jobs are held by men
- Equal Pay Act 1970
- Sex Discrimination Act 1975
- GENDER
- RESEARCH METHODS
- Quantitative
- Reliable
- Large Samples
- Closed Questions
- Large Samples
- Generalisable
- Less Valid
- Reliable
- Qualitative
- Valid
- First hand experience
- Risk of going native
- Less Generalisable
- Often more expensive
- Build a rapport
- Often more expensive
- First hand experience
- Time Consuming
- Anti-Positivist
- Valid
- Key Terms
- Covert & Overt
- Primary & Secondary data
- Triangulation/Methodological Pluralism
- Primary & Secondary data
- Hawthorne Effect
- Imposition Problem
- Closed Questions
- Participant and non-participant observation
- Closed Questions
- Imposition Problem
- Covert & Overt
- Quantitative
- THEORIES
- Globalisation
- RESEARCH METHODS
- Quantitative
- Reliable
- Large Samples
- Closed Questions
- Large Samples
- Generalisable
- Less Valid
- Reliable
- Qualitative
- Valid
- First hand experience
- Risk of going native
- Less Generalisable
- Often more expensive
- Build a rapport
- Often more expensive
- First hand experience
- Time Consuming
- Anti-Positivist
- Valid
- Key Terms
- Covert & Overt
- Primary & Secondary data
- Triangulation/Methodological Pluralism
- Primary & Secondary data
- Hawthorne Effect
- Imposition Problem
- Closed Questions
- Participant and non-participant observation
- Closed Questions
- Imposition Problem
- Covert & Overt
- Quantitative
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