Sociology unit one
- Created by: hellishseren
- Created on: 11-05-22 12:48
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- sociology U1
- nature/nurture
- nature is the belief that everything is instinctual and in our genetics. It is through fixed patterns of behaviour.
- nurture is the belief that everything is done through how we are raised and taught.it is to do with our environment.
- oxana was raised by dogs after being neglected by parents. - nurture.
- Jim twins lived the exact same lives, with the same issues e.g chain smoking. - nature
- culture and cultural diversity
- culture is the way of life shared by members of society. culture is socially constructed and varies in each society.
- culture has roles, values, norms, statuses, customs and mores.
- values are ideas that society believe to be important e.g protecting children
- norms are expected patterns of behaviour, mores are morals e.g not stealing
- customs are traditional norms that are to do with events e.g black at funerals
- statuses are social roles people hold their is achieved thats like a teacher, and ascribed thats like a mother.
- roles are expected behaviours of a status. role conflict = mother + teacher.
- diversity is the differences of different cultures. ethnocentrismis looking at a culture to another unfairly.
- relativism is opposite of ethnocentric, and universal is what we share
- subcultures are a smaller group of individuals that share same styles etc
- countercultures are against the norms of a culture e.g feminism
- socialisation
- socialisation is the process of learning ones culture, it is done through the agents of socialisation.
- primary socialisation is early e.g family, secondary socialisation is work and tertiary is more concerned with mothering, and older generation.
- sociologists argue gender doesnt exist, and that gender socialisation is unfair.
- anne Oakley believed that there is 4 ways in which family show gender, canalisation of interests, manipulation of behaviour, differentiation of tasks and finally verbal appellations such as 'princess'
- family have role models and imitation, education has a hidden and shown curriculum, media has a hypodermic effect, peer groups have pressure and sanctions, work has anticipatory socialisation, rituals have moral values and code as well as rituals
- hidden curriculum is about stopping undesirable behaviours and shown is lessons etc
- hypodermic affect is the influence the media has directly it manipulates everything.
- moral values and code is church attendance, praying to a god etc
- social control
- social control is the various methods used to force or assist people into conforming to societies norms
- informal control is unwritten. It can be things like being judged or being praised
- formal control is written and coded, like laws are, it can lead to prison time.
- formals are the legal system, prison, military and government
- informal can be peer groups, workplace, religion and media
- they use sanctions, positive sanctions = praise, negative = telling off
- identity
- identity is our sense of self, but sociologist believes there are 2 versions to this, primary = ourself, secondary = how others portray us
- we develop our identity with gender, class, race, ethnicity, disability and sexuality.
- we identify our identity by being told who we are by others, we choose them, imposed on us, it has a meaning to us, and achieved status chosen.
- biological sex is what genitals we are born with. Gender refers to how a person sees themselves
- gender quake of change, Wilkinson
- Cornell argues a masculinity In men crisis, as they unsure what it means to be male.
- class refers to economic situation.
- Saunders belief of what we buy shows our class
- ethnicity is the social, cultural and ancestral experience that people share
- nationality is the belonging to a geographical region
- hall believed we show our nationality through football teams etc
- functionalism
- functionalism is the top down view that the structure is more important than the individual.
- it has a consensus perspective concerned with social order being maintained
- functionalists compare society to an organisms body, society has some perquisites to continue.
- food is an example of a perquisite as it is needed to keep society going
- functionalists believe that stability is through the norms and values, this is called value consensus
- social institutions prepare young for division of labour
- Durkheim argued society needs to be in solidarity which is a sense of belonging
- STRENGTHS:shows how it can fulfil both person and society needs, shows interrelation.
- WEAKNESS: too optimistic, ignores conflict and exploitation says marxists ignores inequality - feminists.
- marxism
- created by karl Marx it is a critique of capitalism.
- infrastructure is the basis of capitalism.
- means of production is the goods.
- relations is the people working
- the superstructure is the the education system
- the bougeirise are the rich people.
- marxist feminists focus on marxist patriarchy and how it affects women
- communist society is created.
- ruling class ideology is the control Richies have over poor, mind control but they will revolt
- false class consciousness
- nature/nurture
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