Sociology / Psychology 2 - SEMESTER 3 & 4

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  • Created by: ggmonkey
  • Created on: 08-01-20 13:53
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  • Perception and misperception
    • Definitions
      • Sensation
        • Detecting the presence of a stimuli by sensory organs
      • Perception
        • Recognition, integration and interpretation of raw information
      • Bottom Up
        • Perception is only driven by physical characteristics of stimuli
        • Realist view of world is objective
        • Patterns of light are all that are needed
        • Knowing the truth does not change perception
        • Things further away move slower
      • Top Down
        • Combines sensory data with expectations and experience
        • Perceptual bias
          • If depressed, person seees more negative before than good
        • Perceptual grouping - phone number chunking
        • Effect of past experiences - can't unsee dog in spots picture
        • Brain likes to complete shapes
        • Deliberate choice effect - What you chose is best even if they're the same
    • Measuring perception
      • Qualitative
        • How much does it hurt?
          • Self reporting, subjective
      • Quantitative
        • Absolute threshold
          • Minimum stimulus required to percieve stimulation
          • Amount needed for alcohol and drugs can be lower in alcohol and drug users
        • Subliminal priming
          • Stimulus shown at speeds which are too quick for concous recognition
          • Illegal coke advertising
    • Clinical Pfractice
      • Emotion
        • Depression patients will not percieve informotion accurately
      • Expectation
        • Familiar symptoms will be ignored as not serious
      • Motivation
        • Interpret information more to do with what they need
      • Age
        • Decresed ability to ingnore incorrect information
      • Attention
        • Conciousness can only hold 7 things at one time
          • Attention blindness
  • Pain
    • Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience asscociated with actul or potential tissue damage
      • You can have pain without nocioception
    • Nocioception
      • Responce to a noxious stimulus
    • Types
      • Neuropathic
        • Dysfunction in somato-sensory system
      • Nocioceptive
        • Signal in tissues
      • Acute
      • Chronic
    • Early pain theory
      • Either damage or hysteria
      • Bottom up
    • Beecher
      • Linked psychology to pain tolerance
    • Open-hidden paradigm
      • Pain killers only work if you know you're talking them
    • General sensitisation
      • Decrease in threshold for what causes pain
  • Informal Carers
    • Community Care Act - Patients can not be discharged without a care package
    • Healthcare is the same anywhere in the country, social care is not
    • Caring about carers 1999
      • Carers should be supported and doctors should look after their health
    • The carers act 2005
      • All carers entitled to an assessment of their needs
        • New responsibilities for local authorities
    • Carers mght have to give up own careers to look after someone
      • Physical labour
      • Loss of personal autonomy - need support
      • Partners feel angry with condition eventhough its not their fault
  • Loss, bereavement and grief
    • Loss
      • Separated from someone or something we were emotionally attached to
        • Losses that happen out of sequence can be even more distressing
    • Grief
      • Normal emotional reaction to loss
        • Cognitive, social, behavioural, physical, somatic
    • Mourning
      • Public display of grief
        • Cultural and social spects
    • Acute responce
      • Disbelief
      • Agitation
      • Disrupted sleep
    • Long term responce
      • Social withdrawal
      • Restlessness
      • Less concentration
    • Models
      • Dual process
        • Person goes back and forth between confrontation and avoidance
          • They can do tasks which are loss orientated or restoration orientated
      • Kubler-Ross
        • Denial, Avoidance, Bargining, Depression, Acceptance
          • Not linear, stages may repeat
    • Health of bereaved people can be compromised, higher mortlity rates
      • Exersise may no longer happen, neglect early disease signs, meals interupted, less self care
    • Complicated grief
      • Abnormally severe or prolonged
      • Sudden, violent, suicide, multiple makes responce worse
        • Previous problems, low support, disenfranchised grief make it harder
  • Psychological Interventions
    • Goal is to change beliefs, behaviour and mood
      • Reduce post-op pain and anxiety
      • Modify bad heath habits
        • Smoking
        • Drinking
        • Drugs
      • Managinging changes in chronic illness
      • Stress management
    • Cognitive
      • 3 Levels of thinking
        • Autonomic thoughts
          • Involutary and situation specific - NAT's
        • Underlying rules and assumptions
          • Unhealthy when we or others fall below standards
        • Core beliefs (Cognitive shcema)
          • Perception of who we are , formd when young
      • Habitual ways of thinking
        • Catastrophising
        • Absolutic dichotomous
      • Self monitoring, cognitive reconstruction, motivational interviewing, distraction
    • Behavioural
      • Therory that behaviour is learned so can be re-learned
        • Modelling
          • Learning from others
        • Relaxation
          • Easy to learn, not helpful in schizophrenia
        • Exposure
          • Flooding and systematic desensitisation
    • Combined
      • Coping and managing themselves
        • Education, homework and relapse prevention

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