Sociology- Globalization and migration
- Created by: Daisymac
- Created on: 13-03-19 14:54
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- Globalization and migration
- What?
- Idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national barriers
- Seen as producing rapid social change
- Acceleration
- Speeding up of the rate of migration
- EG, according to the United nations 2013 between 2000 an 2013 international migration increased by 33%
- Differentiation
- Permanent settlers,temporary workers,spouses and forced migrants
- Globalisation is increasing the diversity of types of migrant
- Before the 1990s, immigration to the UK came from a fairly narrow range of former British colonies
- Before the 1990s, immigration to the UK came from a narrow range of former British colonies
- Since the 1990s, globalization has led to what Vertovec 2007 calls super-diversity--> Migrants come from a wider range of countries
- Cohen 2006 distinguishes 3 types of migrant
- Citizens-- With full citizen rights
- Denizens-- Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
- Helots- They are found in unskilled,poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers
- The feminisation of migration
- Almost half of all global migrants are female
- Globalization of gender division-- Female migrants find they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as careers or providers o sexual services
- Ehrenreich and Hochschild 2003 observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries are increasingly done by women
- Expansion of service occupations in western countries= Demand for female labour
- Western women joined labour force and less willing to perform domestic labour
- Western men unwilling to perform domestic labour
- Failure of state to provide good childcare
- Shutes 2011 reports that 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants are female
- Migrant women also enter western counties as mail order brides which reflects gendered and racialised stereotypes
- Migrant identities
- For migrants, their country of origin may provide an additional or alternative source of identity
- Eg. May develop hybrid identities made up of 2 or more sources
- Eade 1994 found that second generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities
- They saw themselves as Muslin first, then Bengali, then British
- Transnational identities
- Eriksen 2007 argues globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns, with back and forth movements of people through networks
- Migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country
- Globalised economy = Migrants have more links to other migrants around the world
- The politicisation of migration
- Migration has become an important political issue
- Policies that control immigration, absorb migrants into society and deal with increased diversity
- Assimilation- First state policy approach to immigration. Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language,values of the host culture
- Transnational migrants may not want to abandon their culture
- Multiculturalism- Accepts migrants may want to keep their cultural identity but this may be superficial
- Shallow diversity- Eg regarding Tikka masala as Britain's national dish
- Deep diversity - Such as arranged marriages no being acceptable of the state
- Critics argue multicultural educational policies creates shallow diversity
- Since 9/11 politicians have gone back to assimilation
- Castles 2000 argues that assimilation policies are counterproductive as they mark out minority groups as culturally backwards
- Assimulationist ideas may also encourage workers to blame workers for social problems
- Castles and Kosack 1973 argue that this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing united action in defence of their interests
- What?
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