Sociologists - Crime and Deviance
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- Created on: 23-04-19 18:48
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- Crime and Deviance
- Carlen
- argues that working-class women are expected to make the class deal and the gender deal
- the class deal offers them material rewards
- the gender deal offers material and emotional rewards if they live with a male breadwinner within the family
- when these rewards are are not avalibale, class and gender deals break down
- thus, having the possibility of turning to crime
- poverty and being in care led to women rejecting the class and gender deals
- lacked legitimate ways of earning a decent living
- crime was a way of solving the problems of poverty
- many had nothing to lose from committing crime
- crime was a way of solving the problems of poverty
- lacked legitimate ways of earning a decent living
- when these rewards are are not avalibale, class and gender deals break down
- the gender deal offers material and emotional rewards if they live with a male breadwinner within the family
- the class deal offers them material rewards
- argues that working-class women are expected to make the class deal and the gender deal
- Becker
- argues deviave is created by society
- social groups create deviance by making rules, applying these rules to particular people and labelling them as 'outsiders'
- some groups have the power to make rules and apply them to others
- power is related to age, gender, ethnicty and class
- eg. adults make many important rules for young people, such as those regarding school attendance
- power is related to age, gender, ethnicty and class
- argues that labelling may produce a self-fulfilling prophecy
- the person labelled may come to fit the image peolle hav of them
- eg. a criminal
- the person labelled may come to fit the image peolle hav of them
- argues deviave is created by society
- Stan Cohen
- argues that the media help to create moral panics
- particular group is cast as a folk devil, defined as a threat to society's values and portrayed in stereotyped ways by the media
- the media created a false image of young people and their activities
- Cohen describes this as deviancy amplification
- this amplification encouraged other young people to behave in ways portrayed by the media, resulting in further disturbances and public outcry or moral panic
- cohen argues that the media can actually amplify deviance or provoke more of it
- this amplification encouraged other young people to behave in ways portrayed by the media, resulting in further disturbances and public outcry or moral panic
- Cohen describes this as deviancy amplification
- the media created a false image of young people and their activities
- particular group is cast as a folk devil, defined as a threat to society's values and portrayed in stereotyped ways by the media
- argues that the media help to create moral panics
- Merton
- some people accept the goal of achieving economic success but lack opportunities to succeed through sociallyacceptable routes
- eg. most working-class people have limited opportunities to find high-flying jobs with huge salaries
- argued people's aspirations and goals are largely determined by the values of their culture
- eg. (in the USA) people are socialised to believe in the American dream
- idea that anyone who works hard can become successful and rich, regardless of their background
- eg. (in the USA) people are socialised to believe in the American dream
- people may experience strain between goals they have been socialised to strive for and the means of achieving them
- a condition of anomie (the breakdown of norms) develops
- people turn to whatever means work for them to achieve material success
- when anomie develops, high rates of crime (eg. theft and fraud) and delinquency are likely
- people turn to whatever means work for them to achieve material success
- a condition of anomie (the breakdown of norms) develops
- some people accept the goal of achieving economic success but lack opportunities to succeed through sociallyacceptable routes
- Albert Cohen
- argued that juvenile delinquency is carried out by groups rather than individuals
- young males learn to become delinquents by joining gangs in which delinquent behaviour is 'the done thing'
- linked juvenile delinquency to the education system
- argued that schools are based on middle-class values and expectations
- working-class boys cannot compete on equal terms with middle-class boys to get status and qualifications through education
- working-class boys experience status frustration in trying but failing to meet middle-class expectations at school
- being part of a delinquent sub-culture enables these boys to gain status within their group and hit back at a school system that has branded them failures
- working-class boys experience status frustration in trying but failing to meet middle-class expectations at school
- working-class boys cannot compete on equal terms with middle-class boys to get status and qualifications through education
- argued that schools are based on middle-class values and expectations
- linked juvenile delinquency to the education system
- young males learn to become delinquents by joining gangs in which delinquent behaviour is 'the done thing'
- argued that juvenile delinquency is carried out by groups rather than individuals
- Heidensohn
- uses the control theory to explain why women have a lower rate of officially recorded crime than men and commit fewer serious crimes
- domestic life and marriage
- women's opportunities to commit crimes are limited by their housewife role
- their time is taken up with housework and monitroing others (eg. children) within the home
- as a result, women's role as mothers can constrain their behaviour
- their time is taken up with housework and monitroing others (eg. children) within the home
- women's opportunities to commit crimes are limited by their housewife role
- female conformity and control
- patriarchal society controls women more effectively than men as it is harder for them to break the law
- women are controlled at home, in public and at work
- patriarchal society controls women more effectively than men as it is harder for them to break the law
- women's behaviour in public
- controlled by the fear of male violence
- this fear controls their behaviour
- eg. by preventing them fro gong out after dark
- this fear controls their behaviour
- controlled by the fear of male violence
- patriarchal society
- has seperate spheres for men and women
- public life is seen as the men's sphere and the home is seen as the woman's place
- has seperate spheres for men and women
- in the workplace
- men have power over women, eg. as supervisors or managers
- sexual harrassment is a form of male control
- limits women's freedom in the workplace
- sexual harrassment is a form of male control
- men have power over women, eg. as supervisors or managers
- domestic life and marriage
- uses the control theory to explain why women have a lower rate of officially recorded crime than men and commit fewer serious crimes
- Carlen
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