Social Class Theorists
mind map of social class theorists and findings/ideas etc.
- Created by: tamsinkeeley
- Created on: 14-01-15 20:16
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- Social Class Theorists
- Milroy - Belfast Study 1980
- Open networks: Mainly women. All in contact with middle speaker. Family friends etc. might speak similar.
- 3 working class communities.
- Closed network; mainly men. Affected by occupation. Acquainted with all different speakers.
- Petyt- Bradford 1980
- Dropping the 'H' sound particularly at beginning of words E.g. 'ouse, 'ave = house, have
- Found close link between this and social class. UM- 12% LM- 28% UW-67% LW-93%
- Dropping the 'H' sound particularly at beginning of words E.g. 'ouse, 'ave = house, have
- Labov (New York dept. store) 1966
- studied the final/ preconsonantal 'r' in words like 'guard' and 'beer'. In NYC the 'r' sound holds prestige.
- Got sales assistants to say 'fourth floor' in 1. Sacks, upper 2. Macy's, middle 3. Klein's working (ordered by price and fashion.)
- Labov - Martha's Vineyard
- East Coast USA, 3 miles off new England. 6,000 residents permanently, 40,000= summer people.
- younger college students deliberately diverged pronunciations away from standard norms - rejected the summer people.
- They downwardly converged to the fishermen (close knit community)
- Bernstein - Elaborated and restricted codes
- RESTRICTED- limited, predictable, ritualistic, difficulty with abstract concepts - WORKING CLASS
- ELABORATED- age, a range of alternatives, unique range of social situations - MIDDLE CLASS
- Beryl Bainbridge 1999
- 'All children should be forced to have compulsory elocution lessons to erase traces of their regional accents.'
- Cheshire- Reading Study 1982
- Focus on grammatical variants. Recorded non-standard features and their frequency. E.g. non-stan 'S' 'They calls me names', non-stan 'was' 'you was with me, wasn't you?', Double negative 'ain't got no...'
- ...Non-stan 'never' 'I never went to school today'- used for gender ad social class
- Findings: age doesn't vary results in social class and lang use in girls. Boys in peer groups show more working class features regardless of social class
- Trudgill - Norwich Study 1980's.
- investigate the variations in speech. Looked at: final consonants E.g. Running Standard eng = 'ng' Whereas Norwich = in' is common due to isolation from Lon-Ox-Cam.
- Other findings: In all classes the more careful the speech = more likely to say (n') E.g. Interview, above people. Lower class= more proportion of (walkin')
- More common in men in all classes than women.
- Raymond Hickey - Dublin English
- Studied accent in Dublin (80-90s) Typical features... Consonant 'th' to 't' or 'd', Deletion of 't' or 'd' sounds that come after L or N. E.g. Frien- Friend, Smel- Smelt.
- More Features... Closed vowels E.g. vowel with two consonants 'Dog', Diphthongs - vowel sound with two parts E.g. 'Beer', 'Clean'.
- Attitudes have changed since, Now people try ad sound more like RP.
- Paul Kerswill - Milton Keynes 1994
- 1969- Milton Keynes becomes a larger town. (close to London, people move there for work.)
- Study of children's lang+ 1 caregiver per child. Koine- formed a new language (koinezation) - formed language through contact.
- Population change: 44,000-176,330 study of 8-12 year olds?
- Kevin Watson- Liverpool 21st Century
- Found that Liverpool is a 'dialectal island' - Scouse is resisting levelling, sustaining identity and solidarity.
- Milroy - Belfast Study 1980
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