Social Beliefs & Judgements 1
- Created by: Sess
- Created on: 17-05-15 06:23
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- Social Beliefs + Attitudes 1
- 1) Perception of Events
- A) Priming (Predisposition)
- Thinking Smart
- Dijksterhaus + van Knippenberg (1998)
- Ppts were primed with either a 'professor' or 'hooligan' character study
- Those that thought they were professors did better on a general knowledge test
- Thinking Old
- Bargh (1996)
- Undergrads had to form sentences out of a group of words
- One group had words relating to old people eg retired, wrinkly
- The other had totally random words
- Their exits were then timed as they walked down a hallway
- Those who were 'primed' walked slower
- Replicated involving infa-red sensors failed to find the same effect
- But other studies have found priming evidence
- Activating particular associations in memory
- Myers (2013)
- Thinking Smart
- B) Categorical Thinking (Prejudgement)
- Advantages
- Gives us a general impression without needing to understand much about them
- Simplifies person perception
- Allows us to predict behaviour of individuals
- Disadvantages
- Strengthens prejudices
- Confusion arises when people dont fit the stereotype
- Thinking that a person must be a member of a particular group based on visual cues
- eg. black hair + piercings = goth
- Advantages
- C) Preconceptions (Beliefs)
- Durability
- Firemen: Risk-takers?
- Anderson et al (1980)
- Ppts were given 1 of 2 cases: firefighters that are risk takers are good, or firefighters than are risktakers are bad
- Half of each group was asked to re-explain the case in their own words
- Those who were asked to say that this was good, were shown how weak the evidence was but carried on believing their own explanations
- Belief Perseverance: The tendency for beliefs to survive discrediting evidence
- Myers (2013)
- Firemen: Risk-takers?
- Social information is often ambiguous so multiple interpretations can occur
- Israel vs Palestine
- Ross, Lepper & Vallone (1985)
- Showed groups of pro-palestine or pro-israel supporters clips of killings in refuge camps
- Both sides stated that the clips supported the other side
- They recalled different details of the clips
- Durability
- A) Priming (Predisposition)
- 2) Judging Our Social World
- A) Intuitive Judgements
- Intuition: Important info is available immediately without deliberate conscious recall
- These often arnt subjected to farther analysis even though they may be wrong
- Bargh & Ferguson (2000)
- These are automatic, implicit pieces of knowledge to reduce processing on our brains
- B) Overconfidence
- The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
- Game Show Study
- Dunning et al (1990)
- Ppts had to interview their pair about anything they wanted to
- The pair had to answer 20 2 choice questions in private
- Ppts had to guess which answer they chose. They guessed right 63% of the time but felt confident 75% of the time
- Incompetance feeds overconfidence
- Those who dont know what they lack feel most confident
- Dunning (1999)
- C) Cognitive Heuristics
- Ci) Representative Heuristics
- The judgement of a person or event based on comparison with our representation of a category
- Fischhoff & Bar-Hillel (1984)
- Ppts were told that Frank was in a group of 80% engineers, 20% lawyers.
- He was made to sound like a lawyer, so ppts suggested he must be one, regardless of statistical odds
- Cii) Availability Heuristics
- Judgements are based on available, relevant information contained in memory
- More people would assume that there are more iraqis than tanzanians are we hear of them more
- But this is false
- Myers (2013)
- Plane crashes seem more likely to happen as we heard of them more
- But car crashes ar emore likely to happen
- National Safety Council (2008)
- Ciii) Counterfactual Thinking
- Mentally stimulating what might have been
- McGraw et al 2005
- The medalists happiness is as easy as 1-3-2
- Mentally stimulating what might have been
- Civ) Anchoring + Adjustment
- Another way to make judgments is to 'anchor' onto the first available piece of information
- Thersky & Kahnemann (1974)
- Asked ppts if the population of Chicago is more or less than 200,000, then asked for the actual population
- People underestimated hugely if anchor was 200,000 than if it had been 1million
- Thinking strategies that enable quick decisions + judgements
- Reduces amount of info that needs to be processed
- Ci) Representative Heuristics
- D) Ilusionary Thinking
- Di) Illusionary Correlations
- We see correlations where none exist
- Ward & Jenkins (1965)
- Presented ppts with random cloud seeding data. Ppts became convinced they saw a pattern when there wasnt one
- Dii) Illusion of Control
- The illusion that we can control chance events
- Langer (1977)
- People who picked their own lottery number would often sell it at a much higher price than those who were randomly assigned one
- Di) Illusionary Correlations
- E) Mood
- Mood also affects judgement
- Victorious football Alabama fans deemed war less likely than Auburn fans
- Shweitzer et al (1992)
- When we are in a good mood, decisions are easier, the world looks brighter
- A) Intuitive Judgements
- 1) Perception of Events
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