Social Influence
- Created by: JuliaMabiza
- Created on: 24-04-19 21:21
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- Social Influence
- 1. Types of Conformity/Explanations for Conformity
- Kelman(1958)-3 Types of Conformity
- Compliance-public change in attitude or behaviour but private attitudes do not change, change occurs due to seeking approval
- Internalisation-go along with the group due to acceptance of views, both public and private change in behaviour
- identification-may accept influence because they want to be associated with the group
- Explanations for Conformity
- Normative social influence(desire to be liked)
- avoiding rejection, results in compliance, most likely to happen if we feel under surveillance
- Informational social influence(desire to be right)
- results in internalisation,in ambiguous situations there is a public and private change in behaviour and attitudes, likely to happen due to belief others are experts
- Normative social influence(desire to be liked)
- Evaluation
- difficulties in distinguishing between compliance and internalisation
- research support for normative influence-Linkenbach and Perkins(2003), Schultz et al (2008)
- research support for informational social influence-Fein et al(2007)
- Kelman(1958)-3 Types of Conformity
- 2. Variables affecting Conformity
- Key Study: Asch(1956)
- Variables affecting conformity
- 1. Group size
- 2. Unanimity of the majority
- 3. The difficulty of the task
- Evaluation
- ethical issues: deception, lack of informed consent, psychological harm
- no relevance to real life-Fiske(2014)
- findings may only apply to certain situations-Williams and Sogon(1984)
- 3. Conformity to Social Roles
- The Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo et al(1973)
- dispositional explanation-belief that violence was due to both prisoners and guards having different personalities
- situational explanation explanation-belief that prisoners and guard behave as they do due to the situation they are placed in
- Evaluation
- conformity to roles is not automatic-Haslam and Reicher(2012)
- problem of demand characteristics(Banuazizi and Movahedi(1975)
- unethical to an extent-potential harm, should have stopped the study earlier, but there was no deception
- The Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo et al(1973)
- 4. Situational variables affecting obedience
- Key Study: Milgram(1963)
- Situational variables in obedience
- proximity
- location
- the power of uniform-Bushman(1988)
- Evaluation
- ethical issues: deception, potential harm-distress
- research support for the power of uniform-Durkin and Jeffery(2000)
- lack of internal validity-Orne and Holland(1968)
- 5. Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority
- Agentic State
- Milgram(1974)-autonomous state=person sees themselves as responsible for their own actions, agentic state=person sees themselves as an agent for carrying out another person's wishes
- agentic shift
- Legitimate authority-people feel committed to an authority figure as they are perceived to be in a position of social control within a situation
- Evaluation
- agentic state explanation and real life obedience-Lifton(1986)
- agentic state of just plain cruel?
- the legitimate authority explanation and real life obedience
- Agentic State
- 6. The Authoritarian Personality
- a distinct personality pattern characterised by strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or submission to authority, rigid thinkers
- dispositional explanation of obedience
- The California F Scale-Adorno et al(1950)
- Right wing authoritarianism(RWA)(Altemeyer, 1981)
- conventionalism
- authoritarian aggression
- authoritarian submission
- Key Study: Elms and Milgram(1966)
- Evaluation
- research evidence for authoritarianism-Dambrun and Vatine(2010)
- the social context is more important
- differences between authoritarian and obedient participants
- 7. Resistance to social Influence
- Social Support-the perception that an individual has assistance avalable from other people
- resisting conformity-Asch\(1956), Allen and Levine(1969), Allen and Levine(1971)
- resisting obedience-Gamson et al(1982)
- Locus of Control-refers to a person's perception of personal control over their own behaviour
- internal locus of control-believe that what happens to them is largely a consequence of their own ability and effort
- external locus of control-believe what happens to them is determined by external factors e.g luck
- AO3: locus of control is related to normative but not informational social sontrol-Spector(1983), locus of control-people are more external than they used to be
- Social Support-the perception that an individual has assistance avalable from other people
- 8. Minority Influence
- a form of social influence where members of the majority group change their beliefs or behaviours as a results
- Consistency, Commitment, Flexibility
- Key Study: Moscovici et al(1969)
- Evaluation
- support for flexibility-Nemeth and Brillmayer(1987)
- the real value of minoity influence-Nemeth(2010)
- artificial tasks
- 9. Social Influence processes in social change
- Moscovici(1980)
- Social change through minority influence 1. drawing attention, 2. cognitive conflict, 3. consistency of position, 4. augmentation principle, 5. snowball effect
- Social change through majority influence-social influence interventions
- Moscovici(1980)
- 1. Types of Conformity/Explanations for Conformity
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