social divisions for peasants and workers between 1894 and 1914
- Created by: tash.baines
- Created on: 31-05-21 12:34
View mindmap
- social divisions between 1894 and 1914
- peasants
- ***** farming persisted on 90% of the land
- widespread rural poverty remained
- gap between rich and poor widened
- kulaks took advantage of opportunities
- land banks
- borrow money
- buy up land off poorer peasants
- kulaks took advantage of opportunities
- increasing numbers forced to become migrant labourers
- 1896 gov. scheme promoted Siberia migration to alleviate pressure on over-populated rural south and west
- only affected a minority (3.5 million out of 97 million)
- huge variety in living standard in different areas of Russia
- peripheral regions in parts of the Baltic, west Ukraine, the Kuban and north Causasus (sourth of west Siberia) able to develop prosperous commercial farming
- continuation of noble land domination and backwards farming techniques in Russian heartlands
- areas where peasants predominantly state owned serfs more prosperous than areas of formerly private owned serfs
- state-owned serfs granted more land after emancipation
- continuation of poor health for peasant majority despite zemstva efforts
- life remained hard
- large majority of peasantry unfit for military
- high mortality rate and few doctors
- short supply of teachers - most received basic level of education (60% illiteracy)
- still at bottom of social ladder despite community and loyalty to church and tsar
- workers
- 2 million factory workers by 1900 and 6 million by 1913
- between 1867 and 1917, urban population x4 from 7-28 million
- by 1914, 3/4 of St. P. population peasant by birth, compared to 1/3 50 years before
- inadequate facilities
- workers lived in barrack-styled buildings, dangerously overcrowded and lacking in sanitation
- 40% of St. P. houses had no running water or sewage system
- excrement was put in piles in back yards and collected in wooden carts at night
- 30,000 died of cholera in 1908-09
- high rents
- high demands for accommodation (often 1/2 of worker's wage)
- huge variations in wages
- lots of fine deductions
- women paid less than men (comprised 1/5 of 1885 workforce but 1/3 in 1914)
- earned less than 1/2 the avg. industrial wage
- conditions worst during industrial depression of 1900-08
- wages failed to keep pace with inflation
- wages increased from 245 to 164 roubles per month up to 1914 where inflation was 40%
- some legislation passed to improve working conditions
- prohibited night work for women and children (1885)
- working hours reduced to 11.5 hours (1897), reduced again to 10 by 1914
- not in workshops
- sickness and accident insurance for workers (1912)
- improvement in education opportunities
- primary school provision rose by 85% from 1905 to 1914
- development of technical schools and unis
- peasants
Similar History resources:
Teacher recommended
Comments
No comments have yet been made