Skill Acquisition

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  • Skill Aquisition
    • Classification of skills
      • Muscular involvement continuum
        • Fine(small muscle movements)
        • Gross(large muscle movements)
      • Pacing continuum
        • Self-paced    (performer controls the movement)
        • Externally paced (based on actions of others)
      • Environmental continuum
        • Open (changing)
        • Closed (stable)
      • Continuity continuum
        • Discrete(clear start and end)
        • Continuous (no clear start and end)
      • Complexity continuum
        • Simple(few stimuli)
        • Complex (many stimuli)
      • Organisational continuum
        • Low (subroutines)
        • High(no subroutines)
    • Types and methods of practice
      • Fixed Practice
        • Closed, repetitive skills
      • Vaired Practice
        • Open skills, games players
      • Part practice
        • Subroutines, then practiced
      • Whole practice
        • Entire skill
      • Massed practice
        • No breaks, simple skills
      • Distributed practice
        • Breaks, cognitive skills
      • Whole-part-whole practice
        • Whole, 1 part, whole
      • Progressive-part practice
        • Subroutines, chaining
    • Transfer of skills
      • Positive transfer
        • One skill benefiting another.
      • Negative transfer
        • One skill badly effecting another
      • Proactive transfer
        • Previously learnt skill effecting a new one.
      • Null transfer
        • No transfer
      • Bilateral transfer
        • Limb to limb transfer
      • Retroactive transfer
        • Newly learnt skill effecting a previously learnt skill
    • Theories of learning
      • Operant conditoning
        • Bf Skinner - behaviourism = consequences
          • Association learning (s-r bond) trial and error learning
            • Reinforcement - positive, negative, punishment
      • Cognitive learinng theory
        • Problem solving, trial and error, schemas
          • Whole problem, past experinces
      • Observational learning theory
        • Albert Bandura- learn by observing others
          • Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
      • Thorndikes laws
        • law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness
    • Stages of learning
      • Cognitive
        • Mental picture, trial and error
      • Autonomus
        • Grooved, fluent
      • Associatve
        • Practice, EMP
    • Guidance
      • Visual guidance
        • Demonstration
      • Verbal guidance
        • Coaching pints, descripton
      • Mechanical guidance
        • Mechanical aid (harness)
      • Manual gidance
        • Physical manipulation
    • Feedback
      • Extrinsic feedback
        • External sources
      • Positive feedback
        • Coach, when movement is correct
      • Negative feedback
        • Coach, when movement is incorrect
      • Knowledge of results
        • Outcome of movement
      • Knowledge of performace
        • Quality of movement
      • Intrinsic feedback
        • Internal sources
    • Memory Models
      • Multi-store model of memory
        • Atkinson and Shiffrin
          • Sensory store, short term memory, long term memory
          • Selective attention, rehearsal, retrieval
      • Levels of processing
        • Craik and Lockhart
          • Pattern recognition, matches input to past learning, sensory features
            • Deep processed, better stored, retention, retrival

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