Sir John Mandeville on Prester John, c.1366

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  • Sir John Mandeville on Prester John c.1366
    • Thought of outside of John Mandeville- who else and where else?
      • Russian text- 'The Tale of the Indian Kingdom'
        • The geographical information of the Tianshan slopes is surprisingly accurate
          • From 'Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom'
            • Author was least of all interested in reality- mythical beasts
        • Author was least of all interested in reality- mythical beasts
        • Describes an eastern Christian culture that was opposed to both Buddhism and Islam
          • From 'Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom'
        • The legend itself can possibly be traced back to the writings of 'John the Elder' in the New Testament
      • Who is Sir John Mandeville?
        • Assumed to have written 'Voyages de Jehan de Mandeville Chevalier'
        • 'Voyages' appeared anonymously in France c.1357- vernacular account of the known world
        • Narrator claims he is Mandeville, from St. Albans.
          • Claims he traveled the world, served Sultan of Cairo, visited Great Khan, and settled account 1357
            • No historical corroboration of claims
      • About the source
        • Account is in two parts
          • Description of the Holy Land and routes thither
          • Description of Asia and other partes infidelium
        • 9/10 of the source can be traced precisely to other sources e.g. Pliny and Vincent of Beauvais
          • Includes itineraries of genuine travellers like William of Boldensele and Oderic of Pordenone
      • What can this fictional account of a fictional king by a fictional author tell us?
        • Fction of the author as a genuine English knight- even listed in in Benedictine Thomas Walsingham's 'annales' among the worthies of St Albans
          • Helped preserve myth of Mandeville
            • Forged letter from Mandeville appeared at Cantebury Cathedral c.1450 to authenticate 'relics' he brought back from his travels
        • Forged letter from Mandeville appeared at Cantebury Cathedral c.1450 to authenticate 'relics' he brought back from his travels
        • French version of the text appeared in Liege
          • Claimed that Mandeville wrote the text at the request of Jean de Bourgogne (author and physician)
            • According to a Liege chronicler, Bourgogne claimed to be Mandeville on his deathbead
      • What does its popularity tell us about Europe at this time?
        • There was a fashion for exotica that flourished in Paris c.1350- author most likely wanted to appeal to this
      • Religious element- Christian king
        • Christianity permitted in the east. Ye-lu Dashi- emperor of the Western Liao Dynasty- appeared to accept Christianity
          • He avoided suspicion of paganism, did not become a Buddhist monk, and could not dream of accepting Islam as he was an enemy of the sultan
            • Ye-Lu Dashi named his heir Elijah- crusaders in Palestine and Syria strongly believed their was a Christian kingdom east of Persia
              • From 'Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom'
        • Prester John believed to have been a Nestorian
      • Why might the myth have started?
        • C12th steppe= highly populated
          • Rains had increased the moisture of the steppe- stimulated extension of pastures and increase in herds
          • Population increase- more children survived due to the increase in food
          • Could this have been misinterpreted as a kingdom? Previously nomadic tribes had entered stage of biocenosis
          • From 'Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom'
      • How can we possibly use this as historical evidence?
        • Names: Ind, Chan, Nyse, Isle of Pentexoire
          • Some of the distant 'lands' mentioned are no longer recognisable in any source

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