SEE: Water: 5.5A

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  • 5.5A: Causes of flooding
    • Intense storms lead to flash flooding
      • A low pressure system develops, leading to extreme rainfall over a short period of time
      • TLD 2015 Flood- moist air masses stay over Cumbria for 48 hours
        • 'Conveyor' of moist air tracked towards UK from caribbean, forming frontal rain when it met with cooler northern air
          • This stayed over Cumbria for 2 days
    • Heavy/prolonged rainfall
      • It is associated with low pressure systems and depressions
      • 2015 TLD Flood
        • November is a 'wet month', so ground already saturated
      • 2007 Sheffield floods caused by this
    • Extreme monsoonal rainfall
      • Impacts southern and eastern Asia
      • 70% of annual rainfall falls in 100 days
      • Many of the impacted countries are low-lying e.g. Bangladesh (2/3 of coast is low lying)
      • EXAMPLE: July 2016 monsoon rainfall causes flooding and landslides in Philippines
      • This is where extreme rainfall occurs due to winds blowing in from sea to land on a seasonal basis
    • Snowmelt
      • Snowmelting further upstream causes increased discharge further downstream
        • Quick transition from winter to spring causes rapid snow melting whilst the ground remains frozen (limited infiltration), leading to flooding
      • Glacial outburst floods (ice dams melt and glacial lakes drain), jokulhlaup in Iceland
      • EXAMPLE: 2013 flooding in Norfolk due to rapid thawing of snow + ice
  • Causes of TLD 2015 flood extra
    • - Confluences of Cockermouth and Carlise, significant flooding there
    • Steep land relief causing orographic rainfall + accelerated overland flow

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