Language and power
- Created by: Sara.N
- Created on: 10-03-14 19:27
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- Language and power
- type of power
- political power
- power held by those with the backing of the law
- personal power
- power held by individuals as a result of their roles in organisations
- social group power
- power held as a result of being a member of a dominant social group
- instrumental power
- power used to maintain and enforce authority
- influential power
- power used to influence or persuade others
- political power
- Fairclough (2001)
- power in discourse
- the ways in which power is manifested in situations through language
- power behind discourse
- the focus on the social and ideological reasons behind enactment of power
- ideology
- a set of beliefs,attitudes or a world view held by an individual or groups
- members resources
- the vast amount of background knoweldge and information that readers use in order to interpret texts and which may be explicitly drawn upon by text producers
- ideology
- the focus on the social and ideological reasons behind enactment of power
- Synthetic Personalisation
- the way in which advertising and other forms of communication use personalised language, to construct a relationship between text producer and reciever
- example: the use of the second personal pronoun, 'you'
- the way in which advertising and other forms of communication use personalised language, to construct a relationship between text producer and reciever
- power in discourse
- Wareing (1999)
- power in written texts
- epistemic modality
- constructions that express degree of possiblity, probablity and certainty
- example: shall and will
- constructions that express degree of possiblity, probablity and certainty
- deontic modality
- constructions that express degree of necessity and obligations
- example: may, must, must not
- constructions that express degree of necessity and obligations
- epistemic modality
- power in advertising
- building the consumer
- placing the text reciever in a desired position in relation to the advertiser and advertised product
- effect: reciever feels special and like an ideal consumer of the product and in agreement with the ideologies that it presents
- placing the text reciever in a desired position in relation to the advertiser and advertised product
- building the consumer
- power in spoken discourse
- power asymmetry
- a marked difference in power status of individuals involved in the conversation
- this power relationship leads to an UNEQUAL ENCOUNTER
- where one speaker is seen as the powerful participant and the other as the less powerful participant
- in unequal encounters the traditional turntaking do not operate
- INSTEAD...powerful particpants placea CONSTRAINTS
- ways in which the powerful participant may block or control the contributions of less powerful participant
- example: controlling the amount of time less powerful participant speaks OR by interrupting
- ways in which the powerful participant may block or control the contributions of less powerful participant
- INSTEAD...powerful particpants placea CONSTRAINTS
- this power relationship leads to an UNEQUAL ENCOUNTER
- a marked difference in power status of individuals involved in the conversation
- Goffman- Brown and Levinson
- POLITENESS THEORY
- Face- 2 types: positive and negative politness strategies
- positive Face
- the need to feel valued, like and appreciated
- negative face
- the need to have freedom of thought action and not feel imposed on
- Face threatening Act (FTA)
- a communicative act that threatens someones's positive or negative face needs
- positive Face
- repressive discourse strategy
- a more indirect way of excersing power and control through conversational constraints
- oppressive discource strategy
- linguistic behaviour that is open in its excersing of power and control
- Face- 2 types: positive and negative politness strategies
- POLITENESS THEORY
- power asymmetry
- type of power
- political power
- power held by those with the backing of the law
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