Schizophrenia, Biopsychology and Psychopathology

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  • Created by: Amy
  • Created on: 08-04-21 12:52
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  • Psychology
    • Biopsych
      • Localisation of function- Broca and Wernicke's area
        • +supporting evidence, Peterson(1988) used brain scans found Wernicke's active during listening, Broca during reading
        • +supporting research specific functions. Tulving et al 1994) MRI scans
        • -contradictory evidence. Dronkers (2007) MRI on Tan, there was a lesion on the Broca's area but other things contributed to failed speech
      • Hemispheric lateralisation in split-brain research: Sperry (1968)
        • 11 epileptic males to compete a series of tasks
          • Visual stimuli test (word presented to the right, respond verbally and if word presented to left, can draw the image)
          • Tactile stimuli tests(object in right hand, describe the object/ in the left hand, can draw the image)
        • +supporting evidence (Sperry) and it is highly reliable, practical application of phototherapy for SAD
        • unrepresentative sample (small and male) -lateralisation may not be fixed, speech was transferred to JW's right side
      • Biological rhythms
        • Circadian- once a day
          • Sleep-wake cycle- humans are diurnal
            • Siffre (1975)- when he left underground he thought it was 1 month earlier than it was
              • Methodological flaws- case study, small sample, unrepresentative
              • practical applications- manage workers productivity
            • Aschoff  & Wever (1962)- cycle will not continue to function without exogenous zeitgebers, ps displayed rhythms between 24/25 hours
          • Core body temperature- varies around 2 degrees centigrade during the day
        • Ultradian- more frequently that once a day, sleep cycle, basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC)
          • Practical applications- BRAC could mean positive implications for the ecomomy
          • methodological flaws- invasive so may sleep in a way they usually wouldn't
          • evidence for stages in sleep cycle- Dement and Kleitman- most dreaming occurs during REM
        • Infradian- reoccurence longer than a day, menstrual cycle, seasonal affective disorder
          • Evidence menstrual cycle is influenced by exogenous factors- synchronise due to pheromones
          • methodology- ev's for m cycle
    • Schizophrenia
      • Biological
        • Genetic
          • Human genome studies- Ripke (2014) meta-analysis of genetic makeup of 37,000 individuals. Found 108 separate genetic variations
          • Family studies- Gottesman (1991) liklihood of developing it- gen pop=1%, MZ twins=48%, DZ=17%
          • Genain family
          • Twin studies- Joseph (2014) pooled data and assessed concordance rates among MZ (40%) and DZ (7%) twins
          • Adoption studies- Tienari Sz mum's child given for adoption=10.3%, non-sz mums=1.1%
        • Neural correlates- brain anatomy
          • Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
            • lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
              • Trouble establishing cause and effect
          • Neural correlates- Dopamine hypothesis
            • Biological
              • Genetic
                • Human genome studies- Ripke (2014) meta-analysis of genetic makeup of 37,000 individuals. Found 108 separate genetic variations
                • Family studies- Gottesman (1991) liklihood of developing it- gen pop=1%, MZ twins=48%, DZ=17%
                • Genain family
                • Twin studies- Joseph (2014) pooled data and assessed concordance rates among MZ (40%) and DZ (7%) twins
                • Adoption studies- Tienari Sz mum's child given for adoption=10.3%, non-sz mums=1.1%
              • Neural correlates- brain anatomy
                • Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
                  • lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
                    • Trouble establishing cause and effect
                • Neural correlates- Dopamine hypothesis
                  • overactivity of DA caused by; high levels released, received or oversensitivity of receptors
                  • Hyperdopaminergia- more DA bind to receptors- speech
                  • Revised- low DA activity (Hypodopaminergia) = negative symptoms
            • overactivity of DA caused by; high levels released, received or oversensitivity of receptors
            • Hyperdopaminergia- more DA bind to receptors- speech
            • Revised- low DA activity (Hypodopaminergia) = negative symptoms
      • Psychological
        • Cognitive explanations
          • Result of dysfunctional thought processing (Firth); metarepresentation(allows insight), central control (suppress automatic responses), the supervisory attention system (generate self-initiated action)
          • Family dysfunction
            • Double-bind theory- a pair of messages from parents are mutually contradictory, a learned confusion
              • Berger- sz's higher amount of 'double bind'
            • Expressed emotion- amount of emotion displayed in family setting. Three dimensions; hostility, emotional over-involvement, critical comments
        • Interactionist- Diathesis-stress model, Meehl
    • Psychopathology
      • #1 Deviation from social norm
        • Behaviour that breaks rules about acceptable conduct e.g. wearing clothes in public
        • Application: OCD- A person with a germ phobia will not shake someone's hand, Phobia- someone might have a phobia of social situations may not turn up
        • -culturally relative e.g. naked women in tribes, not in the UK         - era dependent e.g. homosexuality was regarded as a mental illness in the 1970s    -context dependent so could lead to people being wrongly identified
      • #2 Failure to function adequately
        • Rosenhan & Seligman (1989)  abnormal behaviour: maladaptive, irrational observer, unpredictable
        • Application: Depression- maladaptive, find it difficult to work, OCD- compulsive handwasher will have sores which cause observer discomfort
        • -based on subjective judgements e.g. tics caused by Tourette's may cause observer discomfort to some not others
        • -culturally relative e.g.non-western cultures see hallucinations as a spiritual experience
        • -not a defining feature e.g. Harold Shipman, serial killer GP
      • #3 Ideal mental health
        • Jahoda's 6 criteria: positive self attitudes, accurate perception of reality, personal growth, integration, autonomy, environmental mastery
        • Application: OCD- think germ will kill them, Depression- low self esteem
        • -based on subjective judgements, the criteria is vague            -unrealistic, impossible to achieve
        • +takes a positive approach to behaviour, focuses on what is helpful
      • Statistical infrequency
        • Applicaton: OCD- 0.5% of adults have ocd in the US, Depression- 6.7% of adults have major  depression
        • -not a defining feature, depression is not statistically infrequent       -era dependent, 10 times more people suffer from major depression than in 1945
        • +more objective, can be plotted on a frequency distribution
      • Two-process model- Mowrer suggested phobias are learned
        • Initiation- classical conditioning. Example of Watson and Rayners little Hans(reached for the toy rat but every time bar was struck
          • Maintenance-operant conditioning- negative reinforcement as the avoidance reduces the anxiety and fear
            • supporting evidence- watson and rayner
            • contradictory evidence- 2% of children with a water phobia had a frightening experience involving water
              • Biological preparedness may explain the initiation
              • Reductionist- ignores biological factors

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