Schizophrenia, Biopsychology and Psychopathology
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 08-04-21 12:52
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- Psychology
- Biopsych
- Localisation of function- Broca and Wernicke's area
- +supporting evidence, Peterson(1988) used brain scans found Wernicke's active during listening, Broca during reading
- +supporting research specific functions. Tulving et al 1994) MRI scans
- -contradictory evidence. Dronkers (2007) MRI on Tan, there was a lesion on the Broca's area but other things contributed to failed speech
- Hemispheric lateralisation in split-brain research: Sperry (1968)
- 11 epileptic males to compete a series of tasks
- Visual stimuli test (word presented to the right, respond verbally and if word presented to left, can draw the image)
- Tactile stimuli tests(object in right hand, describe the object/ in the left hand, can draw the image)
- +supporting evidence (Sperry) and it is highly reliable, practical application of phototherapy for SAD
- unrepresentative sample (small and male) -lateralisation may not be fixed, speech was transferred to JW's right side
- 11 epileptic males to compete a series of tasks
- Biological rhythms
- Circadian- once a day
- Sleep-wake cycle- humans are diurnal
- Siffre (1975)- when he left underground he thought it was 1 month earlier than it was
- Methodological flaws- case study, small sample, unrepresentative
- practical applications- manage workers productivity
- Aschoff & Wever (1962)- cycle will not continue to function without exogenous zeitgebers, ps displayed rhythms between 24/25 hours
- Siffre (1975)- when he left underground he thought it was 1 month earlier than it was
- Core body temperature- varies around 2 degrees centigrade during the day
- Sleep-wake cycle- humans are diurnal
- Ultradian- more frequently that once a day, sleep cycle, basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC)
- Practical applications- BRAC could mean positive implications for the ecomomy
- methodological flaws- invasive so may sleep in a way they usually wouldn't
- evidence for stages in sleep cycle- Dement and Kleitman- most dreaming occurs during REM
- Infradian- reoccurence longer than a day, menstrual cycle, seasonal affective disorder
- Evidence menstrual cycle is influenced by exogenous factors- synchronise due to pheromones
- methodology- ev's for m cycle
- Circadian- once a day
- Localisation of function- Broca and Wernicke's area
- Schizophrenia
- Biological
- Genetic
- Human genome studies- Ripke (2014) meta-analysis of genetic makeup of 37,000 individuals. Found 108 separate genetic variations
- Family studies- Gottesman (1991) liklihood of developing it- gen pop=1%, MZ twins=48%, DZ=17%
- Genain family
- Twin studies- Joseph (2014) pooled data and assessed concordance rates among MZ (40%) and DZ (7%) twins
- Adoption studies- Tienari Sz mum's child given for adoption=10.3%, non-sz mums=1.1%
- Neural correlates- brain anatomy
- Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
- lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
- Trouble establishing cause and effect
- lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
- Neural correlates- Dopamine hypothesis
- Biological
- Genetic
- Human genome studies- Ripke (2014) meta-analysis of genetic makeup of 37,000 individuals. Found 108 separate genetic variations
- Family studies- Gottesman (1991) liklihood of developing it- gen pop=1%, MZ twins=48%, DZ=17%
- Genain family
- Twin studies- Joseph (2014) pooled data and assessed concordance rates among MZ (40%) and DZ (7%) twins
- Adoption studies- Tienari Sz mum's child given for adoption=10.3%, non-sz mums=1.1%
- Neural correlates- brain anatomy
- Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
- lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
- Trouble establishing cause and effect
- lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus. Sz suffers have enlarged fluid filled ventricles
- Neural correlates- Dopamine hypothesis
- overactivity of DA caused by; high levels released, received or oversensitivity of receptors
- Hyperdopaminergia- more DA bind to receptors- speech
- Revised- low DA activity (Hypodopaminergia) = negative symptoms
- Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
- Genetic
- overactivity of DA caused by; high levels released, received or oversensitivity of receptors
- Hyperdopaminergia- more DA bind to receptors- speech
- Revised- low DA activity (Hypodopaminergia) = negative symptoms
- Biological
- Allen (2007) Sz patients with auditory hallucinations listened to recorded speech and found it more difficult than control to identify their own voice
- Genetic
- Psychological
- Cognitive explanations
- Result of dysfunctional thought processing (Firth); metarepresentation(allows insight), central control (suppress automatic responses), the supervisory attention system (generate self-initiated action)
- Family dysfunction
- Double-bind theory- a pair of messages from parents are mutually contradictory, a learned confusion
- Berger- sz's higher amount of 'double bind'
- Expressed emotion- amount of emotion displayed in family setting. Three dimensions; hostility, emotional over-involvement, critical comments
- Double-bind theory- a pair of messages from parents are mutually contradictory, a learned confusion
- Interactionist- Diathesis-stress model, Meehl
- Cognitive explanations
- Biological
- Psychopathology
- #1 Deviation from social norm
- Behaviour that breaks rules about acceptable conduct e.g. wearing clothes in public
- Application: OCD- A person with a germ phobia will not shake someone's hand, Phobia- someone might have a phobia of social situations may not turn up
- -culturally relative e.g. naked women in tribes, not in the UK - era dependent e.g. homosexuality was regarded as a mental illness in the 1970s -context dependent so could lead to people being wrongly identified
- #2 Failure to function adequately
- Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) abnormal behaviour: maladaptive, irrational observer, unpredictable
- Application: Depression- maladaptive, find it difficult to work, OCD- compulsive handwasher will have sores which cause observer discomfort
- -based on subjective judgements e.g. tics caused by Tourette's may cause observer discomfort to some not others
- -culturally relative e.g.non-western cultures see hallucinations as a spiritual experience
- -not a defining feature e.g. Harold Shipman, serial killer GP
- #3 Ideal mental health
- Jahoda's 6 criteria: positive self attitudes, accurate perception of reality, personal growth, integration, autonomy, environmental mastery
- Application: OCD- think germ will kill them, Depression- low self esteem
- -based on subjective judgements, the criteria is vague -unrealistic, impossible to achieve
- +takes a positive approach to behaviour, focuses on what is helpful
- Statistical infrequency
- Applicaton: OCD- 0.5% of adults have ocd in the US, Depression- 6.7% of adults have major depression
- -not a defining feature, depression is not statistically infrequent -era dependent, 10 times more people suffer from major depression than in 1945
- +more objective, can be plotted on a frequency distribution
- Two-process model- Mowrer suggested phobias are learned
- Initiation- classical conditioning. Example of Watson and Rayners little Hans(reached for the toy rat but every time bar was struck
- Maintenance-operant conditioning- negative reinforcement as the avoidance reduces the anxiety and fear
- supporting evidence- watson and rayner
- contradictory evidence- 2% of children with a water phobia had a frightening experience involving water
- Biological preparedness may explain the initiation
- Reductionist- ignores biological factors
- Maintenance-operant conditioning- negative reinforcement as the avoidance reduces the anxiety and fear
- Initiation- classical conditioning. Example of Watson and Rayners little Hans(reached for the toy rat but every time bar was struck
- #1 Deviation from social norm
- Biopsych
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