Schaffer & Emerson, stages of attachment

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  • Schaffer's Stages of Attachment
    • 1. Asocial
      • At about 6 weeks
        • Similar response to all objects. towards the end of this stage they show preference for being with people
    • 2. Indiscriminate
      • At about 6 weeks to 7 months
        • child shows preference for people rather than objects. they recognise familiar adults. they accept comfort from any adult
    • 3. Discriminate
      • At around 7+ months
        • infants start to show stranger anxiety and stress when separated from a stecific adult. the adult with whom the child has formed the specific attachment is called the primary attachment figure
    • Multiple Attachments
      • At around 10-12 months
        • the child displays attachment behaviour towards other people with whom they are familiar ( secondary attachments)
  • Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
    • studied Glaswegian babies and their families at monthly intervals for the first year of their life
      • Longitudinal Study
      • each child was studied in their home and a regular pattern formed in the development of the child
      • a diary was kept by the mother to examine the evidence for the development of attachment
      • their interactions with their carers were observed, and carers were interviewed
      • Three measures were recorded:
        • Stranger anxiety- response to the arrival of a stranger
        • Separation anxiety- distress level when separated from a carer, the degree of comfort
        • Social referencing- the degree a child looks at their carer to check how they should respond to something new ( sequre base)
      • Found 50% of infants had an attachment at 25-32 weeks (shown from separation anxiety)
        • by 40 weeks 80% had one attachment, 30% had multiplre
          • by 18 months, 87%had multiple attachments

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