Schaffer and Emerson mind map

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  • Key study: Schaffer and Emerson
    • Methodology
      • 60 infants
      • Glasgow
        • One social group - population validity?
          • Working class
          • 60 infants
      • Working class
      • Interview
        • Self report - social desirability bias?
        • Own homes
          • Natural behaviour?
        • Monthly until 1yr, again at 1.5 years
    • Findings
      • 25-32 weeks: 50% showed separation anxiety
      • 40 weeks: 80% specific attachment 30% multiple
      • Attachment process followed 4 main stages
        • Asocial, 1st few weeks
          • Slight preference for people and eyes
        • Indiscriminate, 2-7 months
          • Social behaviour, prefer people
          • No stranger or separation anxiety
        • Discriminate, 7 months
          • Specific attachment to one person
          • Stranger and separation anxiety
        • Multiple, 1 yr
          • Secondary attachments
          • 29% within 1 month of primary
    • Evaluation
      • Culturally bound
      • Challenging monotropy
        • Challenging monotropy - Bowlby was perhaps incorrect because secondary attachments form so soon after primary
          • Rutter said all attachments are equal
      • Unreliable data
        • Unreliable data - self report - social desirability bias - low validity
      • Biased sample
        • One social group - perhaps more working mothers due to class - low population validity
          • Different time - 4x more s.a.h dads - cultural change - low temporal validity

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