was the period from 1920 - 1941 a turning point for Native Americans

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  • Roaring Twenties, Depression and New Deal
    • 1923 - AIDA, John Collier
      • The creation of the American Indian Defense Association in 1923 successfully blocked the Dance Order (Leavitt Bill) and the Bursum Bill
    • 1924 - Citizenship rights: a reward for War
      • This evidenced the government's drive towards addimilation by forcefully conferring citixxenship and the franchise to all NAs regardless of whether they wanted it or not. Although more than 2.3 of the indian population had the right to vote via the Dawes Act anyway.
    • 1928 - Meriam Report Charles Rhoads - High disease rate (TB) and poverty by 1929
      • The meriam Report of 1928 also showed the maltreatment of NA's by the US government and condemned the allotment policy. Though it did not condemn assimilation.
    • 1929 - Supportive President Hoover + 1933 - supportive president Roosevelt
      • Hoover supported the report alongside Charles Rhoads as CIA in '28 adopted reforms like the closure of unpopular boarding schools and increased federal funding for medical facilities. HOWEVER, These reforms did not attack the allotments directly and were stopped by the Great Depression
    • 1934 - Commissioner for Indian Affairs
      • As CIA, Collier made Native Americas more involved in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, extended the political rights of Native Americans and gave them more opportunity for work and built more hospitals and schools to improve reservations.
    • 1934 - Indian Reorganisation Act (Wheeler Howard Act)
      • Largely attributed to John Collier as commissioner for Indian Affairs tried to preserve the traditional culture of NA's. The Act also gave a degree of authority over how reservations should be run and re-instilled indian ceremonies. Unallocated lands that were lost vwteen 1900 and 1939 was used to expand existing reservations and create new ones.
    • 1935 - Gladys Tantaquidgeon social worker on reservation in South Dakota
      • Inspired Native American women by going to university

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