Rivers - flood defenses, mass movement, weathering, 4 processes o erosion, long profile, transportations

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  • Rivers    Katie Glanville
    • long profile
      • middle course
        • wider and depper
        • transportation accor
        • load size becomes smaller
        • deposition becomes more obvious
        • more vertical and lateral erosion
      • upper cource
        • load size very small
        • erosion processed accor
        • deposition of large material
        • vertical erosion
      • lower course
        • load size very small
        • less erosion
        • deepest and widest
        • deposits fine materail
      • vertical erosion = this deepens the river valley making it a V-shaped. it's dominant in the upper course of the river
      • lateral erosion = widens the river valley. dominant in the middle and lower cource
    • transportation
      • suspension
        • small particles are carried within the water by turbulent flow
      • saltation
        • sand sized particles may be bounced along the bad if the river
      • traction
        • heaviest material is rolled along the river bed
    • 4 processes of erosion
      • hydraulic action
        • the force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel
      • abrasion
        • eroded rocks picked up by the river scrape and rub against the channel, wearing it away
      • attrition
        • eroded rocks picked up by the river smash into smaller fragments. Their edges also get rounded off as they rub together
      • solution
        • river water dissolves some types of rock, e.g. chalk and limestone
    • mass movement
      • slumping
        • valley sides are eroded by the river making the slides steep and increasing the downward movement of materials. heavy rainfall can trigger this movement
      • soil creep
        • partials of soil slowly moves down the sides of the valley under the influence of gravity
    • weathering
      • chamical
        • rainwater is slightly acidic and can dissolve some rock, especially limestone and chalk
      • freeze-thaw weathering
        • water goes into cracks in rocks, when winter or a cold period accors the water freezes and expands causing the crack to expand, then the process repeats until the rock is split
      • biological
        • tree roots can penetrate cracks in the rocks and split them apart
    • flood defences
      • soft engineering
        • do nothing
        • land-use zoning
        • soil embankment
        • preparation
      • hard engineering
        • flood walls and gates
        • channel straightening
        • concrete embankments
        • dam
          • disad = expensive, ugly, floods
          • ad = hydroelectric, lasts a long time

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