Risk factors in the development of addiction

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  • Created by: Byrney27
  • Created on: 16-10-20 13:14
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  • Risk factors in developing addiction
    • Genetic vulnerability
      • Dopamine
        • Some people have low dopamine receptor levels and since addictive substances release dopamine, they will use more and become tolerant faster
      • Enzymes
        • Some people lack fully functioning enzymes. CYP2A6 metabolises nicotine and those without fully functioning enzymes are less likely to smoke regularly/ vice versa
      • Research - Kendler et al (2012)
        • 18,115 adoptees. Looked at those who had parents with addictions and were addicts themselves
          • Yes addict parents = 8.6%. No addict parents = 4.2% therefore slightly more inclined to become an addict if your parents are
            • Strengths - sample size, longitudinal study (1950-1993). Limitations - 100% of children from addicted parents didn't develop addictions
    • Stress/ trauma
      • Post traumatic growth, treatment/ social support or PTSD, addiction as coping mechanism. 2/10 veterans with PTSD are addicts. 1/3 – 1/2 of women with addiction experienced ****/ sexual assault. Addiction caused by chronic stress too.
        • Vulnerability only, Protective, risky, other risk factors, applications (prevention rather than cure)
    • Family influences
      • Parents smoke
        • Perceived approval, positive attitudes implied, exposure, normalised, role models
          • AO3 - may differ on age/ familial relationship, mostly focuses on role of parents
            • Livingston et al (2002) found that parents who allow children to drink at home in their final year are more likely to drink excessively the next year at collegs
            • Implied parental approval, implied lack of consequence
      • Not allowed alcohol at home
        • Implied parental approval
          • Livingston et al (2002) found that parents who allow children to drink at home in their final year are more likely to drink excessively the next year at collegs
      • Few boundaries
        • Implied parental approval, implied lack of consequence
    • Peer influences
      • At adolescence, pre-programmed to gravitate towards peers/ away from parents
        • AO3 - may differ on age, direction of causation, excessive emphasis, difficult to separate peer/ family influence, other factors
        • Rule breaking/ risk taking becomes norm, promote positive attitudes to smoking/ drinking, exposure/ opportunity, NSI, overestimate
    • Personality
      • Sensation seeking - tendency to seek out new experiences
        • AO3. Strengths - APD, key words, applications. Limitations - no such thing as addictive personality, other factors, predispotion only, can reduce risk, direction of causation
          • Impulsivity - acting without considering consequence. Poor self-control
          • Compulsivity - tendency to continue performing behaviour even with negative consequence
      • Impulsivity - acting without considering consequence. Poor self-control
      • Compulsivity - tendency to continue performing behaviour even with negative consequence

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