Respiration
Respiration mind map, inc enzymes, aerobic and anaerobic respiration,
- Created by: bellacox133
- Created on: 18-09-14 16:17
View mindmap
- Respiration
- Carbohydrate digestion
- The carbohydrate starch, found in bread or potatoes, contains long complex molecules that the body can not digest.
- However, carbohydrases (enzymes that break down carbohydrates) break down the starch into glucose that has smaller molecules that the body can easily digest.
- The digestion of starch starts in the mouth, so that is why when chewing bread for a long time, it starts to taste sweet as the amylase enzymes break down starch molecules into glucose molecules.
- The carbohydrate starch, found in bread or potatoes, contains long complex molecules that the body can not digest.
- Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins. the amino acid chains are folded to form the 'active site'.
- Chemical reactions in the body are controlled by enzymes.
- Amylase enzymes break down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
- Protease enzymes break down protein into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
- Lipase enzymes break down fats + oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
- If the body temperature isn't constant, the enzymes in our body could denature.
- Aerobic respiration
- The equation: glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water (+ a lot of energy)
- Most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria.
- If a muscle is adapted to release a lot of energy, it will have densely packed mitochondria.
- The energy released during aerobic respiration is used to build larger molecules from smaller ones and enables muscles to contract.
- In mammals and birds, aerobic respiration enables them to maintain a steady body temperature.
- Anaerobic respiration
- The equation: glucose -> lactic acid (+ little energy)
- If muscles work hard for a long time, they will become fatigued and so won't contract efficiently. If they don't get enough oxygen, they respire anaerobically.
- Without oxygen, glucose is incompletely broken down, this forms lactic acid.
- A build-up of lactic acid is one cause of muscle fatigue.
- Blood flowing through the muscles removes the lactic acid.
- After exercise, oxygen is still needed to break down lactic acid build up. The amount of oxygen needed is called 'oxygen dept'.
- Blood glucose levels
- High levels of glucose in the blood can damage tiny blood vessels, including those in the kidney.
- Pancreas produces insulin which brings down blood glucose levels.
- If diabetic, insulin wouldn't be produced fast enough to bring down blood sugar levels.
- Having too much or too little sugar in the blood stream can cause serious health problems.
- Insulin
- Insulin is produced in the pancreas.
- A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
- People with type 1 diabetes can not make insulin.
- Glycogen
- Glycogen is a carbohydrate that can be stored as glucose in the muscles.
- Glycogen can be rapidly converted back to glucose to use during exercise. The glucose is used in aerobic respiration to provide the energy to make the muscles contract.
- Muscle cell
- 3 ways that would increase the rate of glucose supply to muscle cells...
- Widening (dilation) of arteries supplying to muscle tissues because an increase in blood flow means more glucose can be carried.
- Converting glycogen stores in muscle cells to glucose because there is now more glucose than there was previously.
- Increased heart rate because the rate of glucose is speeded up as blood flow rate has increased.
- When there is a high muscle to fat cell ratio, the body has a high metabolic rate.
- 3 ways that would increase the rate of glucose supply to muscle cells...
- Exercise
- When the muscles are used, more glucose and oxygen is needed and more carbon dioxide is produced.
- 3 body responses to exercise...
- An increase in heart rate, in breathing rate and in depth of breathing.
- Glycogen stores in the muscles are converted to glucose for cellular respiration.
- The blood flow to the muscles increase.
- Carbohydrate digestion
Comments
No comments have yet been made