Respiration A2
- Created by: Gemma
- Created on: 19-09-13 20:42
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- Respiration
- The role of ATP
- phosphorylated nucleotide
- consists of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
- can be hydrolysed to ADP and Pi
- This released 30.6KJ energy per mol
- Universal energy currency
- probably use 25-50 ATP per day
- the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with a synthesis reaction (DNA replication or protein synthesis), in cells.
- The energy released from hydrolysis is an immediate source of energy for these biological processes.
- Stages of respiration
- Glycolysis
- happens in the cytoplasm
- Doesn't need oxygen so takes place in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound)
- Doesn't need oxygen so takes place in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- happens in the cytoplasm
- Link reaction
- happens in the matrix of mitochondria
- Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
- Only takes place under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either ethanol or lactate
- Acetate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
- Where ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
- Only takes place under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either ethanol or lactate
- Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
- happens in the matrix of mitochondria
- Krebs cycle
- happens in the matrix of mitochondria
- Acetate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
- happens in the matrix of mitochondria
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- happens in the folded inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
- Where ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
- happens in the folded inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
- Glycolysis
- Coenzymes
- Help enzymes to carry out the oxidation reactions. Hydrogen atoms are combined with coenzymes such as NAD
- NAD
- organic, non-protein molecule
- helps dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- made of 2 linked nucleotides. One contains the adenine base, one contains the nicotinamide ring that accepts hydrogen atoms
- When NAD has accepted 2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons, it is reduced. When it loses them, it is oxidised.
- NAD operates during glycolysis, the link reaction, krebs cycle and during anaerobic ethanol and lactate pathways.
- Coenzyme A (CoA)
- Made from panthothentic acid, adenosine, 3 phosphate groups and cysteine.
- It carries ethanoate (acetate) groups, made from pyruvate during the link reaction, onto krebs cycle.
- Can also carry acetate groups that have been made from fatty acids or from some amino acids onto krebs cycle
- The role of ATP
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