Respiration
- Created by: Kayliss71
- Created on: 23-05-18 21:33
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- Respiration
- 1) Glycolysis
- Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from one molecule of ATP
- ATP is then used to add another phosphate which forms hexose bisphosphate
- Hexose bisphosphate is then split into two molecules of triose phosphate
- Triose phosphate is then oxidised forming two molecules of pyruvate
- NAD collects the hydrogen ions forming 2 reduced NAD
- 4 ATP are produced so we get a net gain of 2 ATP
- 2) The link reaction
- Pyruvate is decarboxylated ( one carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2)
- Pyruvate is then oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to form reduced NAD
- Acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetylCoA
- No ATP is produced in this reaction
- 4)Oxidative phosphorylation
- Hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD. The H atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-)
- The electrons move down the ETC losing energy at each carrier
- This energy is used by the electron carriers to pump protons from the matrix into the inetermembrane space
- The conc of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix - forms an electronchemical gradient
- Protons then move down this gradient via ATP synthase
- Chemiosmotic theory
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
- 3) The Krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA from the link reaction combines with a four carbon molecule to form a 6 carbon molecue
- The 6 carbon molecule is converted into a 5 carbon molecule
- Decarboxylation occurs
- Dehydrogenation also occurs. The hydrogen removed is used to produce reduced NAD
- Anaerobic respiration
- The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted into ethanol in plants and lactate in animals using reduced NAD
- The production of ethanol or lactate regenerates oxidised NAD, this means glycolysis can continue even when there is little oxygen so a small amount of ATP is produced
- 1) Glycolysis
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