Respiration
- Created by: Sophia Dowden
- Created on: 11-06-16 17:54
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- ATP
- All living organisms gain energy by the process of respiration.
- Respiration involves the gradual release of energy in a number of small steps, rather than releasing energy all at once.
- Glucose is broken down by ENZYMES to form a number of intermediate compounds, which releases small quantities of energy at each stage.
- The reactions provide the energy to produce a molecule called ATP - Adenosine Tri-Phospahte
- Glucose is broken down by ENZYMES to form a number of intermediate compounds, which releases small quantities of energy at each stage.
- Respiration involves the gradual release of energy in a number of small steps, rather than releasing energy all at once.
- How ATP stores energy.
- Bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and are easily broken, releasing energy.
- In cells, it is only the 3rd phosphate group that is removed. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATPase
- The addition of phosphate to ADP is called PHOSPHORYLATION.
- ATP is a way of transferring energy from compounds such as glucose to cellular reactions where energy is needed
- There are three forms of phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation - occurs on the membrane of the mitochondria. Produces ATP
- Substrate-level phosphorrylation - occurs when phosphate groups are transfered to ADP to form ATP
- Photo-phosphorylation - occurs on the membrane of the chloroplast during photosynthesis
- Bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and are easily broken, releasing energy.
- Importance of ATP
- It is needed for protein-synthesis, active transport, muscle contraction, nerve transmission
- Different types of energy can be transfered into a commmon form
- e.g. glucose can be used to form ATP
- Only one molecule is needed to transfer energy to all chemical reactions
- Only one enzyme - ATPase is needed
- Energy can be supplied in small amounts/small packages -30.6KJ
- Easily transported across membranes
- Single bond is needed to be broken to release energy
- The roles of ATP; provides energy for..
- Active Transport - changing shape of carrier proteins e.g. Na+/K+ pump
- Muscle contractions
- Metabolic processes
- Anabolic = building large complex molecules from simple molecules
- Catabolic = breaking down large molecules into small molecules
- Nerve Transmission
- Secretion = exocytosis
- When a phosphate molecule is transferred from ATP to another molecule - it makes it more reactive and so lowers the activation energy of that molecule
- Why ATP is sometimes called the universal energy currency?
- Used by all organisms/species. They use it to provide energy for nearly all biochemical reactions
- All living organisms gain energy by the process of respiration.
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