research methods
- Created by: Joanaar
- Created on: 19-05-22 20:06
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- Research methods
- social surveys
- questionnaires
- quick, easy, cheap, representativeno need to recruit or train interviewers, easy to analyse, pre coded questions avalaible online
- informed consent not usually an issue, can ignore if dont want to complete, researches honest about intentions
- cause and effect
- theoretical
- imposition problem- when choosing question, deciding what is important, closed ended q, answer has to fit. not able to express. can distort meanings and undermine validity
- interpretivists do not like
- detached nature, lack of close contact, no way to know if q is interpretated correctly
- could be socially desired answers or lying, or check who is completing
- can suffer from being unrepresentative as certain people more likely to complete- people with more time, literate, positive self esteem
- could be socially desired answers or lying, or check who is completing
- detached nature, lack of close contact, no way to know if q is interpretated correctly
- interpretivists do not like
- imposition problem- when choosing question, deciding what is important, closed ended q, answer has to fit. not able to express. can distort meanings and undermine validity
- structured interviews
- allow to test hypothesis, cause and effect, easy to quantify, factual information, quick and cheap training easy, higher response rates
- lack validity, little freedome to explain, may lie or exaggerate, limited answers, impose researchers ideas, inflexible, snapchot of life
- may feel underpressure
- representativesame questions asked
- informed consent, no pressure to answer
- lack validity, little freedome to explain, may lie or exaggerate, limited answers, impose researchers ideas, inflexible, snapchot of life
- allow to test hypothesis, cause and effect, easy to quantify, factual information, quick and cheap training easy, higher response rates
- questionnaires
- experiments
- lab
- controlled conditions- isolate variables, cause and effect, extraneous variables(get rid of undesirable variables) 'objective knowledge', 'out there' facts, good reliability easy to replicate and detachment
- easy to attract funding, prestige science, take place in one setting
- legal, benefits soc,informed consent for funding
- reductionalist, people are not puppets, lack external validity, aritificial environment is far removed from real life, hawthorne effect reduce validity, act differently, small scale and unrepresentative- no study of large scale social processes
- taking large samples will take time, cannot fit whole town or countries in small scale laboratory
- decption, no informed consent, harm to respondents, e.g. milgram, unequal relationships, imposition problem
- taking large samples will take time, cannot fit whole town or countries in small scale laboratory
- controlled conditions- isolate variables, cause and effect, extraneous variables(get rid of undesirable variables) 'objective knowledge', 'out there' facts, good reliability easy to replicate and detachment
- field
- better external validity, larger scale settings, can do in large institutions
- can be cheap measuring over time, e.g. rosenthal n jacobson
- not possible to control variables as closely as lab, hawthorne effect, access can be problem, schools relunctant to let researchers in
- ethical- issues of deception or lack of informed consent, issue of harm
- cannot rule out extraneous variables
- ethical- issues of deception or lack of informed consent, issue of harm
- not possible to control variables as closely as lab, hawthorne effect, access can be problem, schools relunctant to let researchers in
- can be cheap measuring over time, e.g. rosenthal n jacobson
- better external validity, larger scale settings, can do in large institutions
- lab
- official statistics
- P overview of social life, easy comparisons, establish trends, representative, mass data, detached from respondents.
- quantitative, representative
- freely available, easy to access and navigate
- national interest, allow check up on performance of public bodies
- I lack validity, not all crimes are reported, manipulated to make things look better, serve interests of elite groups, changes over time, historical comparisons can be different.
- socially constructed
- social harm, league tables, reflect biases and prejudices, reinforce sterotypes, surveillance and control
- P overview of social life, easy comparisons, establish trends, representative, mass data, detached from respondents.
- observation
- participant
- covert
- gaining access, researcher does not need to seek permission, easy, no hawthorne effect if they do not know they are being researched
- hard to take field notes as you go, Pearson had to take notes soon after matches, much info forgotten
- cant use other methods, cannot raise suspicion, stress and pressure, two jobs, identities, going native
- no informed consent, privacy violated, engage criminal acts
- covert
- non-participant
- problem gaining access to observe lessons, validity, not able to get people to explain what they do, hawthorne effect, disempowering, consent is needed
- reliability is good, representativeness
- structured- quick to carry out, no much training needed, funding more likely
- participant
- unstructured interviews
- high validity, rapport and empathy, flexibility, adapt questions
- low representativeness
- validity underminedo-interviwer bias
- leading questions, researcher values, each interview unique, depends on bond of trust, not easy to repeat
- validity underminedo-interviwer bias
- low representativeness
- interpretivist
- qualitative
- empower respondent, sensitive topics, consent, ease
- high validity, rapport and empathy, flexibility, adapt questions
- social surveys
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