research methods section B
- Created by: eleanoryarnold
- Created on: 08-05-22 12:52
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- research methods
- experimental method
- IV - brings about change and can be manipulated
- DV - is being measured
- extraneous variables - may influence the DV which skews the results and becomes confounding (noise, mood, practise, fatigue)
- advantage of experimental is that cause and effect can be established
- experiment types
- lab - IV is manipulated in a controlled artificial setting (less EVs, more replicability, more DCs)
- field - IV is manipulated in a natural setting (high eco validity, less DVs, more EVs)
- quasi - IV is naturally occurring in a field or lab setting (high eco validity, less DCs, many EVs, hard to find ps)
- sampling techniques
- opportunity - people who are available at the time (quick and easy, biased as they want to please researcher)
- random - every member of sample population has an equal chance of being chosen (representative, hard to get truly random)
- self-selected - ps volunteer when asked or respond to an advert (ethical due to consent, biased people pleasers)
- snowball - ps contact others to take part (convenient way to find specific people, not representative as ps are similar)
- hypotheses
- operationalise- clearly specifies the IV and DV
- directional (1 tailed) - predicts one condition of the IV will perform better than the other
- non-directional (2 tailed) - predicts a difference in performance of 2 IV conditions
- null - no difference in DV between 2 IV conditions (used to remove bias)
- extraneous variables
- participant variables - (personality, age, mood, health) controlled by random allocation of ps, use RM or MP design
- situational variables - (noise, temp, room layout, disruptions) controlled by lab setting, consistency of situations
- demand characteristics - (ps guess true aim and perform in favour of researchers expected outcome) controlled by deceiving of aim, distraction techniques, field setting
- social desirability - ps report a more socially acceptable answer than a true one
- investigator effects - (researcher projects expectations of the study outcome) controlled by double blind technique
- order effects - (ps performance is improved by practise or worsened by boredom) controlled by time breaks, IM design, counter-balancing
- experimental design
- independent measures - different ps for each condition (quicker, less DCs, twice as many ps, p variables)
- repeated measures - same ps take part in each condition (no p variables, fewer ps needed, order effects, more DCs)
- matched pairs - matched on an important factor (reduces p variables, no order effects, no DCs, time consuming, twice as many ps needed)
- observation
- naturalistic: behaviour is freely observed in a non-controlled environment (high eco val, lack of control over EVs)
- structured: tally in behaviour category each time a specific behaviour occurs (specific objectives, restricted to simple categories)
- overt: ps are aware (consent given, possible DCs)
- non-structured: note any behaviours that relate to the study (record a range, hard to record/view all behaviours)
- controlled: behaviour is observed as a response to a controlled environment (high control, low eco val)
- covert: ps are unaware (natural behaviour, no consent)
- participant: experimenter partakes in what they are observing (natural behaviour, less time/ opportunity to record)
- non-participant: experimenter sits aside or in another room to record (accurate recordings, unnatural behaviour)
- event sampling: observe all ps at once, tally when specific events occur (easy to analyse, accurate recordings, no order or time given on each event given)
- time sampling: observe ps separately for amount of time and record behaviours (gives order and time spent on behaviours, hard to record, stopwatch for timing may produce DCs)
- researcher bias: observes project expectations onto what is observed
- researcher effects: effect the observation has on behaviour changes in ps
- experimental method
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