Research Methods
- Created by: chlopayne
- Created on: 10-04-19 12:50
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- Research Methods
- Issues and debates
- Deterministic = behaviour is controlled by factors
- Strength: Scientific.
- Weakness: people have no control over behaviour, legal system.
- Free will - control their behaviour
- Strength: held accountable.
- Weakness: unscientific.
- Reducationist- simple components
- Strength: scientific, able to test.
- Weakness: oversimplify, limited to explain.
- Holistic - systems as a whole
- Strength: takes into account complex interactions.
- Weakness: less scientific, can't make predictions .
- Nature - behaviour is innate
- Nurture - behaviour is learnt through environment
- Idiographic - individual behaviour
- Strength: understand individuals, insight into behaviour.
- Weakness: can't be generalised, limits usefulness.
- Nomothetic- general laws of behaviour
- Strength: scientific, make predictions.
- Weakness: ignores uniqueness.
- Deterministic = behaviour is controlled by factors
- Types of methods
- Experimental: investigation which a hypothesis is tested. Investiagtor manipulates the IV and the DV is measured.
- Laboratory - controlled environment, including variables. Participants know they're being controlled.
- Field - natural environment, variables not easily controlled, IV manipulated, participants aware.
- Quasi - IV isn't manipulated, can't conclude changes.
- Natural - can't manipulate the IV, DV is measured as an effect of the IV.
- Quasi - IV isn't manipulated, can't conclude changes.
- Field - natural environment, variables not easily controlled, IV manipulated, participants aware.
- Experimental design.
- Independent groups - different participants are used in each, different condition.
- Repeated measures - same participants take part in each, different condition.
- Matched pairs - participants are matched in terms of similar variables.
- Repeated measures - same participants take part in each, different condition.
- Independent groups - different participants are used in each, different condition.
- Hypothesis - what you believe to be true.
- Null - no relationship between variables.
- Alternative hypothesis - variables have a relationship.
- Operationalising variables - easily tested.
- Extraneous - variables you are not intentionally studying.
- Confounding - factors other than the IV that may cause a result.
- Laboratory - controlled environment, including variables. Participants know they're being controlled.
- Self-report techniques: method of gathering data where participants provide information
- Questionnaire
- Closed questions - yes/no.
- Open questions - allows description.
- Strengths: cheap and quick, more honest
- Weakness: social desirability, leading, may misunderstand, issues with gaining results.
- Closed questions - yes/no.
- Interview
- Structured - list of questions.
- Unstructured - flexibility.
- Strengths: detailed, pilot, can discuss sensitive issues.
- Weakness: time and expense, social desirability bias.
- Structured - list of questions.
- Questionnaire
- Observations: controlled and natural. Participant where the researcher gets involved. Overt are aware they're being studied and covert if when they are unaware.
- Structured: behavioural categories.
- Unstructured: observer notes everything.
- Strengths: low in demand characteristics, high in ecological validity, easy to conduct.
- Weakness: ethical issues, observer bias, attention.
- Structured: behavioural categories.
- Experimental: investigation which a hypothesis is tested. Investiagtor manipulates the IV and the DV is measured.
- Sampling techniques
- Target population refers to a group of people the researcher is interested in.
- Sampling frame - where a researcher draws the sample from.
- Sampling methods
- Random
- target population has an equal chance
- Opportunity
- who is available and willing to take part from target population
- Systematic
- orderly way from target population (nth)
- Stratified
- types of people and proportions needed (gender)
- Quota
- representative data
- Self-selected
- participants volunteer
- Snowball
- participants recruit others
- Random
- Target population refers to a group of people the researcher is interested in.
- Reliability - repeated.
- Validity - true.
- Internal validity - inside the study
- Situational variables - factors in the environment.
- Order effects - order the conditions are presented.
- Participant effect - react to cues.
- Participant variables - characteristics.
- Investigator effect - what the investigator does.
- External validity - generalised beyond the study.
- Population validity - generalise to other groups?
- Context validity - apply to other situations?
- Temporal validity - will it endure over time?
- Internal validity - inside the study
- Validity - true.
- Issues and debates
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