Research methods
- Created by: Freya Beardsley
- Created on: 06-12-18 09:09
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- experiments
- Variables
- Extraneous: this is any factor which could influence the participants behaviour and therefore influence change in the dependant variable.
- We can attempt to control these so that they don't affect the DV. We can do this by standardising the experiment.
- confounding variable: if the extraneous variable does not affect the Dependant variable it is a confounding variable.
- This study will lack internal validity because the results are not caused by the independent variable but another factor.
- independent variable: the thing we change.
- operationalise, this is making the varibles measurable.
- You need to define clearly how you will measure the variables in which the hypothesis refers too.
- dependant variable: the thing we are measuring.
- Extraneous: this is any factor which could influence the participants behaviour and therefore influence change in the dependant variable.
- Hypothesis
- Alternative
- One tailed
- directional
- Predicting specifically how the independent variable will affect the dependant varible
- We tend to use words such as fewer, higher and faster
- Two tailed
- Non-directional
- We tend to use words such as: difference, effect and impact
- One tailed
- Null
- The opposite of hypotheses.
- A prediction that the independent variable will have no affect on the dependant variable.
- Three things needed for a good null hypothesis:
- IV and DV
- Finish with: Any differences found will be due to chance
- How to answer 4 mark questions,
- How is the Independent variable operationalised?
- How is the DV measyred?
- Direction of prediction: one tailed or two tailed
- The word 'significant'
- Alternative
- Types of experiments
- Laboratory
- Experiments conducted in artificial environments
- Allows for easy control of varibles
- Allows for standardisation
- Still allows manipulating of the IV and measuring of the DV
- Advantages
- Uses sophisticated equipment
- Easy to replicate
- Control over extraneous varibles
- Disadvantages
- Less ecological validity
- more demand characterstics
- Chances of experimenter bias
- Field
- experiments conducted in the participants' normal environment
- still manipulating the variable (IV) and measuring another (DV)
- Advantages
- higher ecological validity
- Reduced demand characteristics
- Disadvantage
- chances of experimenter bias
- Hard to establish cause and effect
- harder to control variables
- difficult to replicate
- Quasi
- Carried out in a field or lab environment
- Naturally occurring IV such as age.
- Disadvantage
- Chance of sample bias
- advantages
- Takes place in both field and lab.
- No artificial modification of the IV
- Laboratory
- Variables
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