Research Methods
- Created by: NatsChats
- Created on: 14-11-17 13:15
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- Research Methods
- Features of Science
- Objectivity
- non-bias
- Empirical Methods
- Collecting data from direct observation of experiment
- Falsifiability
- Admit the possibility of being proven wrong, Hold themselves up fro hypothesis testing
- Karl Popper - key criterion of being a scientific method
- Admit the possibility of being proven wrong, Hold themselves up fro hypothesis testing
- Replicability
- all details of original study must be published to be repeated so you can compare results (REPLICABILITY = RELIABILITY)
- Paradigm and Paradigm Shifts
- agreed methods within scientific dicipline
- Thomas Kuhn- Psychology isn't a science as it lacks universally accepted paradigms
- agreed methods within scientific dicipline
- Theory Construction &Hypothesis Testing
- use facts to construct theories
- understand and predict natural phenomena
- general collection of principles that explain observations and facts
- Objectivity
- Conventions for reporting psychological investigations
- Abstract
- summary covering all main headings
- So the reader can see whole study at a glance
- summary covering all main headings
- Introduction
- review of previous research leading to a rationale for why the researcher intend to conduct their study
- after the introduction the researcher may state the hypothesis
- review of previous research leading to a rationale for why the researcher intend to conduct their study
- Results
- descriptive statistics (e.g. graphs, tables, averages)
- Inferential statistics (stats tests)
- Discussion
- researchers explainations of behaviours they observed and implications of results for future research
- Method
- Design - justification of method and ethical consideration
- Population - participants (sampling)
- Materials - what was used
- Procedure - exactly how the study was carried out
- References
- Abstract
- Validating new knowledge and role of peer review
- Purpose
- System of quality assurance, to ensure any research conducted and published is of high quality
- Process
- three psychologists/referees (experts in their field) receive reports to analyse and ocmment on
- Pitfalls
- findings that support hypotheses
- Work will only be published if it makes an important contribution to the scientific field and the research is methodologically and ethically sound
- Purpose
- Inferential Statistics
- Probability
- Allow researchers to draw conclusions about research (tell likelihood of chance)
- Bar Chart
- Nominal
- Data that falls in separate categories (e.g. above 6ft and below 6ft)
- Nominal
- Scattergram
- Interval
- Data measured using units of equal intervals (e.g. difference in height)
- Interval
- Histogram
- At-least Ordinal
- Line Graph
- Ordinal
- Data ordered (e.g. height)
- Ordinal
- Significance
- 5% level is regarded as a minimum
- Type 1 and 2 error
- 1
- optimistic
- 2
- pessimistic
- 1
- Hypothesis
- Experimental
- Experiment
- Alternative
- any other method
- Null
- What wont happen
- Experimental
- Stats Test
- Test Of Difference
- Unrelated (Independent)
- Chi - Squared
- Nominal
- Related (matched pairs or repeated measures)
- Sign test
- Nominal
- Wilcoxon
- Ordinal
- Related T-Test
- Interval
- Sign test
- Mann-Whitney
- Ordinal
- Unrelated T-Test
- Interval
- Chi - Squared
- Related (matched pairs or repeated measures)
- Sign test
- Wilcoxon
- Related T-Test
- Sign test
- Unrelated (Independent)
- Test of Association or Correlation
- Spearman's Rho
- Pearson's R
- Spearman's Rho
- The rule of "R"
- Test Of Difference
- Ethics
- Informed Consent
- Participants must make an informed decision about their contribution and potential consequences in the experiment
- Protection from Harm
- Researchers must protect participants from physical and mental harm
- Deception
- withholding information or misleading participants is unacceptable if they are likely to object or still show unease after debrief
- Confidentiality
- Privacy of individuals and organisations are kept confidential (participants identities should never be revealed)
- Right to Withdraw
- Participants must be aware they can withdraw at any time without reason and their datat will be destroyed
- Participants can also refuse to answer certain questions or not take part in certain aspects if they wish
- Participants must be aware they can withdraw at any time without reason and their datat will be destroyed
- Informed Consent
- Features of Science
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