Representations of Gender
- Created by: HBN_18
- Created on: 24-04-19 14:51
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- Representations of Gender
- Females
- Femme Fatales
- Concerned with beauty and romance and being good partners
- Sex Object
- Sexually Seductive Scantily clad figure
- Supermum
- Happy home-maker who focuses on childbearing and housework
- Angel
- Sensitive and domesticated
- Ball Breaker
- Sexual active, selfish and independent
- Victim
- Always victimised in movies with men being the cause and the saviour
- Neo-Marxists and Marxists
- Women are portrayed through the Male Gaze
- Men see women as sexual objects
- Leveson Inquiry Report 2012
- Found that Tabloids failed to show respect and the equality of women
- With an added tendency to sexuality and demean women
- Found that Tabloids failed to show respect and the equality of women
- Women are portrayed through the Male Gaze
- Under-representation of women in the media industry
- IWMF (International Women's Media Foundation) 2010
- Women working in news companies face the glass ceiling
- Glass Ceiling
- Invisible barrier of discrimination making it difficult for women to reach the top level of their career compared to similarly qualified men
- Women in Journalism Study 2011
- 74% of news journalists were men
- Glass Ceiling
- Women working in news companies face the glass ceiling
- IWMF (International Women's Media Foundation) 2010
- Under-representation in media content
- Women are the subject of news stories far less the men
- Global Media Monitoring Project (2010)
- 76% of people heard or read about in the news were male compared to 24% female
- Also 4x more likely to be identified by their family status e.g Mrs, Mother of Two
- Global Media Monitoring Project (2010)
- Women in narrower range of roles
- Conforming to-stereotypes
- Older women even more unrepresented
- Martinson (2012)
- Women over 50 make up just 5% of on-screen presenters
- Martinson (2012)
- Women are the subject of news stories far less the men
- Symbolic Annihilation
- Tuchman et al (1978)
- Women are either invisible, under-represented or represented in a limited range of stereotyped roles
- Tuchman et al (1978)
- Cult of femininity
- Ferguson (1983)
- Magazines prepared girls for feminised adult roles
- These socialise young girls into stereotyped values and roles of femininity
- This cult of femininity included theme such as getting and keeping a partner, being a good wife, keeping the family happy, what to wear e.t.c
- Magazines prepared girls for feminised adult roles
- Ferguson (1983)
- Femme Fatales
- Males
- The Joker
- Uses laughter to avoid showing emotion
- The Jock
- Avoids seeming soft and shows aggression to demonstrate his power
- The Strong Silent Type
- Acts decisively, avoids talking about his feeling as it is a sign of weakness
- The Big Shot
- Economically and socially successful
- The Action Hero
- Strong and shows extreme aggression
- The Buffoon
- Hopeless when it come to parenting pr domestic matters
- Suggesting men shouldn't do these things
- Hopeless when it come to parenting pr domestic matters
- More-likely to be voice overs in TV
- More likely to be seen as presenters and therefore reinforcing men as authority figures
- Hegemonic masculine identity see men as assertive, dominant and rational
- Gilmore (1991)
- Stereotyped as the provider, the protector and the impregnator
- Even though this is not as exclusive as female stereotypes
- Stereotyped as the provider, the protector and the impregnator
- Gilmore (1991)
- The above are the stereotypes that reinforce the 'Masks of Masculinity'
- According to three related American reports ( Children Now 1999)
- The Joker
- Theorists
- Pluralists
- Stereotyping occurs because that's what the audience wants
- Media organisation need to attract audiences and make profit and so that is what they provide
- Liberal Feminists
- Media content is the result of under-representation of women as CEO's, editors and journalists
- This encourages a male view of the world
- Change will come when women have more power and opportunities
- This encourages a male view of the world
- Marxists and Marxists feminists
- Radical Feminists
- Representations arise from the necessity to promote and reproduce patriarchy
- The media seeks to keep women in a narrow range of stereotyped roles where the conform to subordination
- Media-generated stereotyped of femininity discourages women from making the most of opportunities and undermine the threat to males dominance in society
- The media seeks to keep women in a narrow range of stereotyped roles where the conform to subordination
- Representations arise from the necessity to promote and reproduce patriarchy
- Gender representations are driven by patriarchal ideology bu emphasise that this ideology is linked to social class inequality
- Media owners make profit by attracting advertisers and the advertisers need stereotypes to encourage the sales of cosmetics, fashions, diet e.t.c
- Cyndi Tebbel the editor of New women magazine 1996
- Featured a size 16 model and a major advertiser company pulled out and she later resigned
- WC women can least afford to participate
- Cyndi Tebbel the editor of New women magazine 1996
- Media owners make profit by attracting advertisers and the advertisers need stereotypes to encourage the sales of cosmetics, fashions, diet e.t.c
- Radical Feminists
- Media content is the result of under-representation of women as CEO's, editors and journalists
- Stereotyping occurs because that's what the audience wants
- Pluralists
- Are stereotypes changing?
- Postmodernism
- McRobbie (1996)
- There is more fluidity in the representations of men and women in the media.
- Popular feminism has emerged in the youth
- in which women are more in control. more confidant, ambitious and independent
- Gauntlett (2008)
- Growing social expectations that women and men should be treated equally an this is beginning to be reflected in the media
- McRobbie (1996)
- Pluralists
- There is more emphasis on female Independence
- New magazines now cater for working women
- Showing reduced gender stereotyping as women demand more from the media than increasing outdated stereotypes
- New magazines now cater for working women
- There is more emphasis on female Independence
- Innes (1999)
- Study of female roles in TV roles
- Found that women are being presented more as powerful 'tough girls'
- Therefore female roles are becoming more assertive, more resourceful and more complex
- EXAMPLE
- Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games
- Lara Croft in the Tomb Raider
- Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games
- EXAMPLE
- Therefore female roles are becoming more assertive, more resourceful and more complex
- Found that women are being presented more as powerful 'tough girls'
- Study of female roles in TV roles
- Knight (2010)
- Women are still conforming to the male gaze and the beauty myth and posing no threat to the patriarchal society
- as seen in women like Angelina Jolie and Lucy Lui
- However female actions heroes and other gender representations are at least opening up choices for girls to choose new identities
- Women are still conforming to the male gaze and the beauty myth and posing no threat to the patriarchal society
- Gauntlett (2008)
- Media portrayals of men are also changing
- New male identities such as the Emo Boy and the New Man
- These are more caring and emotional and more in touch with their feminist side
- Male bodies are also becoming more sexualised in advertisment
- New male identities such as the Emo Boy and the New Man
- Media portrayals of men are also changing
- WHY?
- New Media allows both men and women to challenge the way they are represented
- Women are becoming more successful in society and traditional stereotypes have no appeal to them
- Advertisements need to make profit and have found a way to tap into the lucrative men's market.
- Postmodernism
- Females
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