12 - Religion, Ideas and Reform under Henry VIII
- Created by: Becca Newman
- Created on: 03-03-20 11:48
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- Religion, Ideas and Reform under Henry VIII
- Renaissance Ideas
- Renaissance ideas began to flourish
- Henry encouraged thinkers like Erasmus and More
- Renaissance influence was shown through his parents' tombs
- Henry encouraged thinkers like Erasmus and More
- Humanism and Education
- Most significant humanist in education was John Colet
- In St Paul's school he.....
- Appointed governors as guild members rather than clergymen
- The curriculum was devised from Erasmus and some humanist ideas
- The head was William Lily, a humanist
- In St Paul's school he.....
- Platonist educational principles grew
- Humanist principles gained a lot influence by Henry's death
- Erasmus was liked by English intellectual circles
- However Erasmian humanism's influence was still limited
- Change came from religion rather than humanism
- However Erasmian humanism's influence was still limited
- Most significant humanist in education was John Colet
- Renaissance Ideas and English Culture
- During Henry VIII's reign:
- Classical learning increased among elites
- more schools were influenced by humanist education
- Henry VIII saw himself as a promoter of humanism and new ideas
- the crown needed diplomats who could keep up with humanism and fashions abroad
- Thomas More was the most important English unmaist writer
- Henry commissioned an Italian sculptor to make tombs for Margaret Beaufort and his parents in Renaissance style
- Varied greatly to the gothic style of the Chapel
- Richard Marks has argued that Gothic remained the dominant cultural form
- The dominant painters in court were 'northern renaissance' which had more Gothic influences
- Tapestries kept medieval themes
- Fleming Lucas
- Tapestries kept medieval themes
- The dominant painters in court were 'northern renaissance' which had more Gothic influences
- Henry was more conservative in building ideas than Wolsey
- Henry's Nonsuch Palace was Gothic whilst Wolsey's Hampton Court was classical
- Henry + Wolsey were music patrons
- Fleming also had the largest musical influence
- During Henry VIII's reign:
- Renaissance ideas began to flourish
- Reform of the Church
- 1532-40 Henry withdrew England from the papacy
- Henry established the monarch as the head of the church
- Monasteries were dissolved
- Church doctrine and practices were altered
- Weaknesses of the Church
- Corruption
- Pluralism - receiving profits from more than one parish
- Simony - the purchase of Church office
- Non-residence - receiving profits from a post without performing the duties
- Wolsey was accused of many of tehse things
- Mnay clergymen were guilty as the crown used clergy offices to reward officials
- Anticlericalism
- Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy
- Some lawyers opposed canon law + the legal privileges of the clergy
- Christopher Haigh argued that anticlericalism was a consequence rather than a cause of the reformation
- Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy
- Decline of monasticism
- Criticism of the operation of religious houses
- Some argue that larger monasteries were businesses
- Wolsey dissolved 20 houses in the 1520s to fund Cardinal College (Oxford)
- The moasteries were dissolved quickly and easily
- However some orders (Franciscans) were flourishing up until their dissolution
- Criticism of the operation of religious houses
- Corruption
- Evidence of Early Protestantism
- Little substantial evidence towards a movement towards Protestantism after Martin Luther's attack on the RCC in 1517
- 1520s there was a nucleus of reformers in Cambridge
- Some were burned later in Henry's reign
- Cranmer was a part of this group
- Erasmianism and the Reformation
- James McConica argued that from 1529 there was a group of humanists shaping royal policy based on Erasmus' ideas
- Seems unlikely as only More and Fisher were influential humanists at court
- Cranmer also had humanist connections
- But not all reformers were humanists; nor were all humanists reformers
- Gardiner went along with reform to stay alive
- But not all reformers were humanists; nor were all humanists reformers
- In Henry's final years humanist reform persisted
- The humnaist John Cheke was Edward's Tutor
- The humanist Roger Ascham was Elizabeth's tutor
- Katherine Parr had a humanist circle around her
- She was a patron of the arts and literature
- The humnaist John Cheke was Edward's Tutor
- James McConica argued that from 1529 there was a group of humanists shaping royal policy based on Erasmus' ideas
- Changes to the Churches Structure
- 1534 Act of Supremacy - King became head of the Church
- Cromwell was appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals 1534 - he had considerable power and was 2nd to the King
- 6 new dioceses to improve Church administration
- Spritiual jurisdiction remained in the hands of bishops
- Dissolution of the Monasteries
- Valor Ecclesiasticus 1535 - survey by Cromwell on how wealthy the Church was
- Four visitors were sent to assess all monastic institutions
- They found evidence of corruption + weakness
- Cromwell had evidence to pass an Act of Parliament in 1536 to dissolve smaller monasteries
- They had under £200 income per year
- Disguised as preserving the quality of monasteries
- They had under £200 income per year
- After the Pilgrimage of Grace dissolution of the monasteries increased
- The heads of monasteries involved in the rebellion surrendered to the Crown
- 1539 an Act dissolving the rest of the monasteries was passed
- By march 1540 all monasteries were dissolved
- The attack on traditional religious practices
- 1536 royal injunctions encouraged moral conduct + restricted the number of holy days + discouraged pilgrimages
- 1538 pilgrimages + honouring relics and images were condemned
- Clergy were required to recant
- More radical
- The English Bible
- 1538 injunctions required each parish to have an english bible
- 1539 the first edition of the Great Bible had a title page showing Henry offering the word of God to Cranmer and Cromwell
- 4 years later Henry was scared to allow the wrong sorts of people to read the wrong parts of the Bible
- 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion restricted public reading of the bible to upper class males
- 1538 injunctions required each parish to have an english bible
- Changes to Doctrine
- 1536 Ten Articles - only 3 sacraments, confession was praised
- 1537 Bishops' book - redeemed other 4 sacraments with a lower status
- 1539 Six Articles Act - denial pf transubstantiation was heretic
- 1543 Kings' book - revised the Bishops' book
- 1532-40 Henry withdrew England from the papacy
- Renaissance Ideas
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