Relations with foreign powers

Mary I and her ministers

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  • Relations with foreign powers
    • The main influences on Mary's foreign policy concerned her desire to restore papal supremacy and to advance Philip's cause as her choice of husband. Both were achieved in 1554.
      • The election of the fiercely anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV in 1555 led to renewed war between France and Spain. Despite the terms of the marriage treaty, Mary decided to support Spain, going to war against France, and indirectly the papacy
    • Paget and others who hoped to gain credit through the war supported an expedition to northern France in 1557.
      • Although the English successfully repulsed a minor invasion of England by the Scots the same year, the French campaign rapidly turned into a disaster, with the humiliating loss of Calais in January 1558
    • SUMMARY MARY I AND HER MINISTERS
      • Mary's strengths and determination helped her to capitalise on popular support and overcome Northumberland's attempt to alter the succession in 1553
      • Inexperienced in politics, she relied on Catholic and moderate churchmen and councillors, and also on her husband Philip, Renard and Pole
      • Her foreign relationships were largely unsuccessful: her marriage to Philip neither gained the approval of Parliament nor produced an heir, whilst her war against France ended in disaster

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