urine problems mindmap
- Created by: Amelia Brett
- Created on: 17-10-13 10:07
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- Qualitative
- Benedicts
- non- reducing
- add HCl then heat and then add sodium hydrocarbonate to neutralize i- stop adding when it stops effervesing
- fructose and sucrose
- HCl breaks these down into glucose
- fructose and sucrose
- add HCl then heat and then add sodium hydrocarbonate to neutralize i- stop adding when it stops effervesing
- reducing sugar ( the one we're doing)
- glucose is a reducing sugar
- it will turn from a blue solution to form a red precipitate upon heating
- non- reducing
- Biuret
- test for protein
- blue solution goes purple for a positive test.
- the chemical binds to peptide bonds
- test for protein
- urinary infection
- yeast ceklls are present in the urine if an infection is present
- Results
- positive test for buiret
- means that proteins are present in the urine
- this is generally a reflection of damage to the basement membrane, hypertension, nephritus or infection
- normally a membrane should only allow molecules of a mass less than 69000mr, so normally proteins would not get through so would not be found in the urine.
- there are no carrier proteins in the nephron for the proteins to be reabsorbed so any proteins in the filtrate will be found in the urine.
- this is generally a reflection of damage to the basement membrane, hypertension, nephritus or infection
- means that proteins are present in the urine
- positive test for benedicts
- means that glucose is present in the urine.
- this is reflective of diabetes
- the effect of insulin is not present
- this means there is a higher blood glucoser concentration than normal
- the rate of filtration is then faster than the rate of reabsorbtion so glucose is found in the urine. in a normal person glucose would not be found in the urine. reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules.
- therefore glycogenesis does not take place and glucose is not converted into glycogen
- insulin causes more glucose channels to be placed into cell surface membranes so the cells are more permeable to glucose.(insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cell.
- more glucose is converted into fats
- more glucose is used in respiration
- this means there is a higher blood glucoser concentration than normal
- the effect of insulin is not present
- this is reflective of diabetes
- means that glucose is present in the urine.
- positive test for buiret
- General points
- tables
- colour changes observed with benedicts etc
- make sure you say what the colour changes from and to
- patient down the left , sub divided into their different samples
- independent always goes in the first column
- patient down the left , sub divided into their different samples
- colour changes observed with benedicts etc
- tubules
- PCT
- re absorption of amino acids, glucose an some salts( water foillows by osmosis
- DCT
- fine tune blood ion concentration and water concentration. water permeability is regulates by ADH. also control blood pH by secretion or uptake of H+ ions
- Loop of Henle
- re-absorption of water
- collecting duct
- fine tuning of water concentration controlled by ADH and the hypothalamus (osmoreceptors)
- PCT
- tables
- Benedicts
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