Psychopathology
- Created by: JuliaMabiza
- Created on: 09-05-19 18:12
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- Psychopathology
- 1 Definitions of Abnormality .
- Statistical Infrequency
- in terms of behaviour which is extremely rare
- Evaluation
- unable to distinguish between desirable and undesirable
- the cut off point is subjectively determined
- Cultural Relativism
- Deviation from social norms
- social norms are a set of standards for acceptable behaviour created by a group of people and so people who violate these are seen as abnormal
- Evaluation
- role of context
- beliefs about morality have changed overtime e.g homosexuality-Szasz(1974)
- Culture relativism-social norms are bound by culture
- role of context
- Failure to function adequately
- attempts to judge behaviour as normal or abnormal in terms of a person's ability to cope with the demands of everyday life
- this can cause distress and suffering
- Rosenhan and Seligman(1989)
- maladaptiveness
- unpredictability
- irrationality
- observer discomfort
- Evaluation
- what may seem maladaptive may be adaptive to the individual
- Cultural Relativism-definition may result in different diagnoses applied to different cultures
- useful means to judge abnormality-WHODAS
- Deviation from Ideal Mental health
- Marie Jahoda(1958)
- self attitudes
- personal growth
- integration
- autonomy
- accurate perception of reality
- mastery of environment
- Evaluation
- positive approach
- equates mental health and physical health
- Cultural Relativism
- Marie Jahoda(1958)
- Statistical Infrequency
- 2. Mental Disorders
- Phobias
- a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or group of stimuli
- Characteristic: Behavioural-avoidance of feared object or situation, freeze or faint, Cognitive-irrational thinking, excessive and unreasonable fear, Emotional-aixety and panic
- a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or group of stimuli
- Depression
- a mood disorder where an individual feels sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities. Negative thoughts, raised or lowered activity levels and difficulty with sleep, eating and concentration
- Characteristic:Behavioural-reduced energy, tiredness sleepy, feeling agitated, restless, appetite may go or down, Cognitive-negative thoughts, guilt, negative view of the world and their lives, Emotional-sadness, feeling empty, feel worthless, low self esteem, loss of interest in activities
- a mood disorder where an individual feels sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities. Negative thoughts, raised or lowered activity levels and difficulty with sleep, eating and concentration
- OCD
- an anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions(persistent thoughts) and compulsions(repetitive behaviours)
- Characteristic: Behavioural-compulsive behaviours to reduce anxiety, repetitive and unconcealed hand washing, checking e.g, Cognitive-intrusive thoughts, common obsessions e.g ideas of germs being everywhere, people are in danger
- an anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions(persistent thoughts) and compulsions(repetitive behaviours)
- Phobias
- Psychological Approaches to Psychopathology
- 3. Behavioural approach to explain phobias
- The Two Process Model-Mowrer(1947)
- Classical Conditioning-Initiation
- Operant Conditioning-Maintenance
- Social Learning (not part of the model)
- Evaluation
- Support for social learning e.g Bandura and Rosenthal(1966)
- the importance of classical conditioning-Sue et al(1994)
- incomplete explanation
- The Two Process Model-Mowrer(1947)
- 4. Behavioural approach to treating phobias
- Systematic Desensitisation
- Counterconditioning, reciprocal inhibition
- a client is gradually exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until anxiety is extinguished
- Evaluation
- self administered-cheaper alternative to CBT
- not appropriate for all phobias-Ohman et al(1975)
- coming in contact with feared stimulus is better than pictures or imagination -Choy et al(2007)
- Flooding
- client is exposed to an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until anxiety reaction is extinguished
- Evaluation
- effective-Choy et al(2007)
- highly traumatic procedure
- Evaluation
- therapies are much cheaper and require less effort
- may not work certain phobias
- Systematic Desensitisation
- 5. Cognitive approach to explaining depression
- The ABC Model-Ellis(1962)
- Mustabatory Thinking
- A=activating event, B=belief, C=consequence
- Beck's Negative Triad(1967)
- Negative schema
- Evaluation
- research support for the role of irrational thinking-Hammen and Krantz
- irrational beliefs may be realistic-Alloy and Abramson
- alternative explanations e.g low levels of neurotransmitter serotonin associated with depression. The diathesis-stress model argues that individuals with a genetic vulnerability fo r depression are more prone to the effects of living in a negative envirnoment
- The ABC Model-Ellis(1962)
- 6. Cognitive approach to treating depression
- REBT-Ellis
- ABCDEF- D=disputing irrational thoughts, E+effects of disputing, F=feelings
- Homework
- Behavioural activation
- Evaluation
- research support for its effectiveness
- CBT requires commitment and effort
- appears to be less suitable for people with high levels of irrational irrational beliefs that are resistant to change
- REBT-Ellis
- 7. Biological approach to explain OCD
- Genetic Explanations
- COMT gene-regulates production of neurotransmitter dopamine
- SERT gene-affects transport of neurotransmitter serotonin
- Diathesis stress-simple link between one gene and a complex disorder like OCD is unlikely
- Neural Explanations
- Abnormal level of neurotransmitters-low serotonin associated with OCD, high levels of dopamine as well
- Abnormal brain circuits-the worry signal
- Evaluation
- research support e.g Szechtman et al dopamine levels being enhanced by drugs resemble compulsive behaviour of people w/ OCD
- Family Studies & Twin Studies
- Abnormal brain circuits-Menzies et al
- Genetic Explanations
- 8. Biological approach to treating OCD
- Drug Therapy
- antidepressants: SSRIs
- antidepressants: tricyclics
- Evaluation
- effectiveness
- side effectse.g nausea, headaches
- not not a lasing cure
- Drug Therapy
- 3. Behavioural approach to explain phobias
- 1 Definitions of Abnormality .
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