Psychology Revision
- Created by: Chlxek
- Created on: 03-01-21 16:22
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- Issues & Debates:
- Gender Bias:
- Alpha Bias
- Exaggerates the differences between the sexes e.g. the sociobiological theory
- Beta Bias
- Minimises the differences between the sexes e.g. fight-flight theory
- Universality
- Bias may be an unavoidable part of the research process
- Androcentrism
- Normal behaviour is judged from the male standards e.g. female aggression is explained by PMS
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Normal behaviour is judged from the male standards e.g. female aggression is explained by PMS
- Evaluation
- Feminist Psychology
- Worrell proposes that research should be collaborative & in context
- Essentialism
- Gender differences presented as 'fixed' in nature, often politically motivated
- Implication of Gender Bias:
- May validate stereotypes & discrimination e.g. research into PMS
- Sexism within the research progress
- Research questions oriented to male concerns, preference for results showing gender differences
- Lab experiment disadvantages women
- Research questions oriented to male concerns, preference for results showing gender differences
- Reflexivity
- Being 'up-front' about one's biases & preconceptions can reduce gender bias (Dambrin & Lambert)
- Feminist Psychology
- Alpha Bias
- Cultural Bias:
- Universality
- Mainstream psychology has generally ignored the cultural differences
- Cultural Relativism
- Berry has suggested that psychology has taken an etic approach & should be more emic
- (Acknowledge cultural relativism)
- Berry has suggested that psychology has taken an etic approach & should be more emic
- Ethnocentrism
- When one's culture is seen as the 'norm' or 'standard' e.g. Ainsworth's ideal attachment type
- Evaluation
- Challenging implicit assumptions
- Researcher's own cultural views can be challenge. Taken for granted assumptions may not be universal
- Operationalisation of variables
- Some behaviours may not be expressed in the same way e.g. displays of aggression may be culturally relative
- Individual - Collectivism:
- Distinction may be too simple. May no longer apply; Takano & Osaka found no evidence
- Cultural Relativism VS Universality:
- It shouldn't be assumed that all human behaviours are culturally specific
- There are some universals; such as aspects of attachment & the facial expression of emotion.
- It shouldn't be assumed that all human behaviours are culturally specific
- Unfamiliarity with research tradition:
- Demand characteristics are more likely in an unfamiliar situation
- Challenging implicit assumptions
- Universality
- Gender Bias:
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