psychology memory evaluation
knowledge organiser
- Created by: 14lquinn
- Created on: 30-03-20 12:38
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- memory evaluation
- coding
- artificial stimuli: word lists have no personal significance
- capacity
- lacking validity: could be extraneous variables such as distractions
- not so many chunks: Cowan - estimated STM as about 4 chunks
- duration
- meaningless stimuli: used consonant syllables
- higher external validity: meaningful real-life memories, showed greater recall than LTM studies with meaningless material
- MSM
- supporting research evidence: studies into coding, capacity + duration demonstrate differnences between STM + LTM
- more than 1 type of STM: studies of amnesia (e.g. KF) show different STMs for visual + auditory material
- more than 1 type of rehearsal: elaborative rehearsal necessary for transfer to LTM not maintenance
- types of LTM
- clinical evidence: clive wearing + HM had damaged episodic memories but semantic + procedural fine
- neuroimaging evidence: episodic + procedural memories recalled from diff parts of prefrontal cortex
- real life applications: training programme for adults with mild cognitive impairments
- WMM
- clinical evidence: KF had poor auditory memory but good visual. Damaged PL but VSS fine
- dual task performance: difficult to do 2 tasks at once but 1 visual 1 verbal fine (Baddeley)
- lack of clarity over CE: not yet fully explained, probably has diff components
- interference theory
- evaluation from lab studies: well controlled studies show intereference effects
- artificial materials: lists of words not like everyday memory, may overemphasise interference as explanation
- real life studies: Baddeley + Hitch (rugby players) supported interference
- retrieval failure theory
- supporting evidence: wide range of support. Eysenck claims retrival failure is most important reason for LTM forgetting
- questioning context effects: no forgetting unless contexts very different e.g. land vs underwater (Baddeley)
- recall vs recognition: absence of cues affects recall not recognition
- misleading information
- useful real life application: could help prevent miscarriages of justice + change police interviewing
- artificial tasks: watching film clips ignores stress + anxiety of real life accident or crime
- individual diffs: older people may be less accurate because of own age bias
- cognitive interview
- time consuming: takes longer + needs special training
- some elements more valuable than others: 'report everything' + 'reinstate context' used together produced best recall
- support of effectiveness of ECI: consistently produces more accurate recall than standard interview
- effects on anxiety
- weapon focus may not be relevant: Pickel (raw chicken) showed that it may be surprise + therefore tells us nothing about anxiety
- field studies sometimes lack control: researchers can't control what happens to witnesses between crime + interview
- ethical issues: creating anxiety in lab may cause psychological harm
- coding
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