Psychology - CCD + memory models
- Created by: sophie.cumberpatch
- Created on: 10-01-20 15:32
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- The working memory model
- Explanation of how short term memory functions and is organised.
- The slave systems:
- Central executive - an attentional process, makes decisions and allocates slave systems to tasks. Limited processing capacity.
- Phonological loop - auditory information, preserves the order information enters.
- The phonological store - stores the words we hear
- The articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal, capacity - 2seconds of what you can say.
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad - stores visual/spatial information, limited capacity (Baddeley) 3/4 objects.
- Logie subdivided into: visual cache - stores visual data
- The inner scribe - records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
- Episodic buffer - Baddeley (2000), temporary store for info, integrates info from other stores, maintains time sequencing - recording events happening
- Limited capacity of 4 chunks, storage component, links to LTM and perception
- Evaluation
- Clinical evidence
- Support - Shallice and Warrington, KF brain damage, poor STM for verbal, normal visual, phonological loop = damaged, separate stores, however unreliable.
- Dual task performance
- Support VSS - Baddeley, difficulty tracking light and imaging F, easy verbal and visual (no competition), compete for limited resources, existence for VSS, MSM can't explain.
- Lack of clarity over CE
- CE explains nothing, should be more specified than attention, could be separate parts, WMM not fully explained.
- Word length effect, supports PL
- Support -Baddeley et al harder to remember long words than short, limited space for rehearsal in articulatory process, effect disappears given repetitive task to tie up articulatory process = process at work.
- Brain scan studies
- Braver et al, given CE task during PET scan, activity in left prefrontal cortex, activity increased when harder, evidence CE physical reality in brain.
- Clinical evidence
- The multi-store model
- Atkinson + Shiffrin
- How memory flows through the memory system
- Sensory register
- Stimulus from the envronment
- Several stores, iconic memory (coded visually), echoic memory (coded acoustically). MODALITY SPECIFIC
- Duration - less than 1/2 a second
- High capacity
- Transfers to STM via ATTENTION
- STM - limited capacity store, 5-9 items
- Coded acoustically
- Duration - 30 seconds
- Maintenance rehearsal - repeat material, rehearse enough = LTM
- LTM - unlimited capacity and duration, coded semantically
- Recall it via retrieval
- Transfers here via elaborative rehearsal - applying meaning.
- Evaluation
- Supported - evidence STM + LTM are different
- Baddeley mix up acoustically similar words STM (coding acoustic), similar meaning mix up = LTM (coding semantic), supports separate stores.
- Limitation - more than 1 STM
- Shallice + Warrington, KF STM poor when digits read aloud, read himself = better, separate store for visual + verbal, WMM = explains this.
- Limitation - 1 type of rehersal
- Craik + Watkins, 2 types rehearsal, elaborative = LTM, link to existing knowledge, more research cannot be explained.
- Limitation - study support = artificial materials
- Peterson x2, consonant syllables = no meaning, IRL memory to useful things, lacks validity, meaningless in lab, not reflective of everyday life.
- Limitation over simplifies LTM
- LTM is not unitary, 3 LTM types, limited doesn't reflect different types of LTM.
- Supported - evidence STM + LTM are different
- Coding, capacity and duration
- Coding - Baddeley
- Group1 - acoustically similar (cat, cab, can)
- Group2 - acoustically dissimilar (pit, few, cow)
- Group3 - semantically similar (great, large, big)
- Group4 - semantically dissimilar (good, huge, hot)
- Recall in correct order, STM worse on acoustically similar (coded acoustically), LTM worse on semantically similar (coded semantically).
- Capacity
- Digit span - Jacobs, 4 digits read out if correct = 5 digits, until cannot recall.
- Mean digit span = 9.3items, letter span = 7.3items
- Miller - chunking, things in 7s (days, sins, music notes), 7items +/- 2.
- Chunking - 5words as well as five letters.
- Digit span - Jacobs, 4 digits read out if correct = 5 digits, until cannot recall.
- Duration
- STM - Peterson x2, 24undergrads, 8 trials, consonant syllable (trigram YCG), 3 digit number, count backwards, prevent mental rehersal.
- Told to stop after 3,6,9,12,15 or 18secs, retention interval, STM short duration unless repeat 18-30secs.
- LTM - Bahrick et al, 392 from Ohio, 17-74, yearbook from school or individuals, photo-recognition 50photos, free-recall names of graduating class.
- 15years of graduation - 90% accurate in photo-recognition, free recall - 60%. 48 years, PR - 70%, FR - 30%.
- STM - Peterson x2, 24undergrads, 8 trials, consonant syllable (trigram YCG), 3 digit number, count backwards, prevent mental rehersal.
- Evaluation
- Baddeley - limitation, artificial stimuli, cautions about generalising to different memory tasks. Meaningful info, semantic for STM, limited application.
- Jacobs - limitation, lacks validity, old, not adequate control, confounding variables, results confirmed by other research = valid.
- Miller - limitation, overestimated STM capacity, Cowan, capacity = 4 chunks, lower end (5 items) more appropriate.
- Peterson x2 - limitation, artificial materials, consonant syllables = not IRL memory, lacked external validity, applies to meaningless (phone numbers).
- Bahrick - strength, high external validity, IRL memories studied, Shepard - meaningless pics = lower recall, confounding variables not controlled, (may have looked at yearbooks).
- Peterson x2 - limitation, forgetting in STM, memory trace disappears = decay if not rehearsed, STM = displaced, limited capacity pushes out new info, counted down during retention, = displacement, lacks internal validity.
- Coding - Baddeley
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