Psychology - CCD + memory models

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  • The working memory model
    • Explanation of how short term memory functions and is organised.
    • The slave systems:
      • Central executive - an attentional process, makes decisions and allocates slave systems to tasks. Limited processing capacity.
      • Phonological loop - auditory information, preserves the order information enters.
        • The phonological store - stores the words we hear
        • The articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal, capacity - 2seconds of what you can say.
      • Visuo-spatial sketchpad - stores visual/spatial information, limited capacity (Baddeley) 3/4 objects.
        • Logie subdivided into: visual cache - stores visual data
        • The inner scribe - records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
      • Episodic buffer - Baddeley (2000), temporary store for info, integrates info from other stores, maintains time sequencing - recording events happening
        • Limited capacity of 4 chunks, storage component, links to LTM and perception
    • Evaluation
      • Clinical evidence
        • Support - Shallice and Warrington, KF brain damage, poor STM for verbal, normal visual, phonological  loop = damaged, separate stores, however unreliable.
      • Dual task performance
        • Support VSS - Baddeley, difficulty tracking light and imaging F, easy verbal and visual (no competition), compete for limited resources, existence for VSS, MSM can't explain.
      • Lack of clarity over CE
        • CE explains nothing, should be more specified than attention, could be separate parts, WMM not fully explained.
      • Word length effect, supports PL
        • Support -Baddeley et al harder to remember long words than short, limited space for rehearsal in articulatory process, effect disappears given repetitive task to tie up articulatory process = process at work.
      • Brain scan studies
        • Braver et al, given CE task during PET scan, activity in left prefrontal cortex, activity increased when harder, evidence CE physical reality in brain.
  • The multi-store model
    • Atkinson + Shiffrin
    • How memory flows through the memory system
    • Sensory register
      • Stimulus from the envronment
      • Several stores, iconic memory (coded visually), echoic memory (coded acoustically). MODALITY SPECIFIC
      • Duration - less than 1/2 a second
      • High capacity
      • Transfers to STM via ATTENTION
    • STM - limited capacity store, 5-9 items
      • Coded acoustically
      • Duration - 30 seconds
      • Maintenance rehearsal - repeat material, rehearse enough = LTM
    • LTM - unlimited capacity and duration, coded semantically
      • Recall it via retrieval
      • Transfers here via elaborative rehearsal - applying meaning.
    • Evaluation
      • Supported - evidence STM + LTM are different
        • Baddeley mix up acoustically similar words STM (coding acoustic), similar meaning mix up = LTM (coding semantic), supports separate stores.
      • Limitation - more than 1 STM
        • Shallice + Warrington, KF STM poor when digits read aloud, read himself = better, separate store for visual + verbal, WMM = explains this.
      • Limitation - 1 type of rehersal
        • Craik + Watkins, 2 types rehearsal, elaborative = LTM, link to existing knowledge, more research cannot be explained.
      • Limitation - study support = artificial materials
        • Peterson x2, consonant syllables = no meaning, IRL memory to useful things, lacks validity, meaningless in lab, not reflective of everyday life.
      • Limitation over simplifies LTM
        • LTM is not unitary, 3 LTM types, limited doesn't reflect different types of LTM.
  • Coding, capacity and duration
    • Coding - Baddeley
      • Group1 - acoustically similar (cat, cab, can)
      • Group2 - acoustically dissimilar (pit, few, cow)
      • Group3 - semantically similar (great, large, big)
      • Group4 - semantically dissimilar (good, huge, hot)
      • Recall in correct order, STM worse on acoustically similar (coded acoustically), LTM worse on semantically similar (coded semantically).
    • Capacity
      • Digit span - Jacobs, 4 digits read out if correct = 5 digits, until cannot recall.
        • Mean digit span = 9.3items, letter span = 7.3items
      • Miller - chunking, things in 7s (days, sins, music notes), 7items +/- 2.
        • Chunking - 5words as well as five letters.
    • Duration
      • STM - Peterson x2, 24undergrads, 8 trials, consonant syllable (trigram YCG), 3 digit number, count backwards, prevent mental rehersal.
        • Told to stop after 3,6,9,12,15 or 18secs, retention interval, STM short duration unless repeat 18-30secs.
      • LTM - Bahrick et al, 392 from Ohio, 17-74, yearbook from school or individuals, photo-recognition 50photos, free-recall names of graduating class.
        • 15years of graduation - 90% accurate in photo-recognition, free recall - 60%. 48 years, PR - 70%, FR - 30%.
    • Evaluation
      • Baddeley - limitation, artificial stimuli, cautions about generalising to different memory tasks. Meaningful info, semantic for STM, limited application.
      • Jacobs - limitation, lacks validity, old, not adequate control, confounding variables, results confirmed by other research = valid.
      • Miller - limitation, overestimated STM capacity, Cowan, capacity = 4 chunks, lower end (5 items) more appropriate.
      • Peterson x2 - limitation, artificial materials, consonant syllables = not IRL memory, lacked external validity, applies to meaningless (phone numbers).
      • Bahrick - strength, high external validity, IRL memories studied, Shepard - meaningless pics = lower recall, confounding variables not controlled, (may have looked at yearbooks).
      • Peterson x2 - limitation, forgetting in STM, memory trace disappears = decay if not rehearsed, STM = displaced, limited capacity pushes out new info, counted down during retention, = displacement, lacks internal validity.

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