Psychological explanations for sz.
- Created by: Jessica Harrington
- Created on: 13-03-13 08:26
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- Psychological explanations for sz.
- Cognitive Models
- Frith explained sz symptoms came from: Poor self monitoring, failure to keep track of own intentions, preconcious/concious filtering breaks down, and lack of theory of mind.
- Metarepresenation: the ability to reflect on our own thoughts, behaviour and experiences. Allows self awareness of our own intentions and goals. Also allows us to interpret the intentions of others.
- + symptoms such as thought incersion occurs as sz patients are unable to distinguish whether what they have heard is their own internal thoughts of if it an external voice.
- Benthall et al: found sz patients struggled to distinguish between words they had read, new words and words they had come up with compared to a control group. Concluded they have an inability to recognise own actions.
- Central Control: the ability to supress our automatic response to stimuli while we perform actions that reflect our wishes or intentions.
- - symptoms such as the speech defecit clanging occur due to a failure to supress stimuli-driven behaviour.
- Baker et al: found sz patients found it difficult to take medication at the right time and of the right dose, concluded they have a cognitive difficulty in willed behaviour.
- Hemsley contrasts Friths model and explained misinterpretation is due to a breakdown of the relationship between perception and memory.
- Metarepresenation: the ability to reflect on our own thoughts, behaviour and experiences. Allows self awareness of our own intentions and goals. Also allows us to interpret the intentions of others.
- Frith explained sz symptoms came from: Poor self monitoring, failure to keep track of own intentions, preconcious/concious filtering breaks down, and lack of theory of mind.
- Social-Cultural Models.
- Patients more likely to experience life events just prior to onset of illness due to stress.
- Life events effect emotional response to daily hassles leavings patients vulnerable to relapse/
- However life events could be a result of the onset of illness.
- Lower social classes are more likely to be diagnosed with sz.
- Could be due to issues with diagnosis.
- Social Causation Hypothesis: lower classes experience more poverty, poor physical health, stress and discrimination.
- Social Drift Hypothesis: individuals who develop sz more likely to loose job and therefore social status reduces.
- Institutionalisation can cause apathy, social withdrawal and other negative symptoms.
- Wing & Brown: found negative symptoms scale significantly correlated with understimulating social environments of hospitals. Conluded poor environments are generally detrimental to sz patients.
- Patients more likely to experience life events just prior to onset of illness due to stress.
- Psychodynamic Approach & Family Models.
- Psy.dyn. Approach believes sz is due to a harsh childhood & sz patients regress to early stages of emotional development.
- Little evidence for this approach however Family Models developed from this idea.
- Family Models believe early experiences drastically affect the way a child percieves and interacts with the world.
- Fromm-Rechmann: proposed idea of Schizophrenogenic Mother. A cold, controlling mother who creates a family climate of tension & secrecy.
- Does not explain why siblings do not always share sz if this was sole explanation.
- Bateson proposed Double-Bind hypothesis. Contradicting messages from a parent increase risk of developing sz.
- Berger: found sz patients reported higher recall of double-bind messages from mothers.
- Data is retrospective so unreliable.
- Recall may be affected by sz so unreliable.
- Liem: found no difference of double-bind messages between families with sz and normal families.
- Hypothesis not stood up to experimental scrutiny.
- Berger: found sz patients reported higher recall of double-bind messages from mothers.
- EE linked with the maintenance of sz.EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-envolvment, Negative emotional climate aroses patient & leads to stress triggering sz episode.
- Theory has led to an effective therapy where EE families are shown how to reduce EE.
- Hegarty et al: found therapy reduces relapse rates but not clear if this is down to reduction of EE or family intervention.
- Linszen et al: found patient returning to high EE family is 4x more likely to relapse than patient returnng to low EE family.
- Explains cultural differences in relapse rates.
- Kalafi & Torabit: found higher prevelance of EE in Indian culture was one of the main causes of sz relapse.
- Theory has led to an effective therapy where EE families are shown how to reduce EE.
- Fromm-Rechmann: proposed idea of Schizophrenogenic Mother. A cold, controlling mother who creates a family climate of tension & secrecy.
- Psy.dyn. Approach believes sz is due to a harsh childhood & sz patients regress to early stages of emotional development.
- Diathesis-Stress Model.
- Factors such as genetic vulnerability and stress should be drawn together.
- The interaction between biological and environmental factors need to take place together.
- Theory less reductionist as it takes into account bioliical and psychological factors. Nature and nurture working together.
- Cognitive Models
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