Psychological Problems: Comprehensive Depression & Addiction Mindmap

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  • Created by: Winter16
  • Created on: 25-03-20 21:19
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  • Psychological Problems
    • Addiction
      • Symptoms
        • Possible to be addicted to substances (illegal & legal) and to activities
        • Withdrawal symptoms when the thing is stopped
        • Have to do/consume to feel 'normal'
        • Feeling of need
        • Stopping is difficult (think, reducing coffee, smoking, etc
        • Build up tolerance
        • Ignore knowledge that it's harmful
        • Replaces other activities
      • Etiology
        • Biological or Nature
          • Genetic predisposition
            • A1 variant of DDR2 gene has been linked to addiction
            • Carmelli et al. (1992)
              • Found that identical twins were likely to both have an addiction if the other did
            • Goodwin et al. (1973)
              • Found that an adopted child who had a biological parent with an addiction was more likely to become addicted to something than one without
            • Cadoret et al. (1987)
              • The same as Goodwin BUT also found the same results if it was the adopted parent with the addiction
                • This suggests more than just genes
                • Untitled
          • Strengths
            • Scientific evidence; addictions do often run in families
          • Weaknesses
            • Reductionist; even the DDR2 gene isn't certain
              • DDR2 gene has also been linked to autism which shows vastly different symptoms to addiction
        • Environmental or Nurture
          • Classical conditioning
            • Addiction associated with positive feeling, remembered as such
          • Operant conditioning
            • Reinforced by feeling good
          • Social learning theory
            • Mimicking role models
          • Strengths
            • Suggests addictions can be unlearnt; explains relapses
          • Weaknesses
            • Ignores biological roles; doesn't explain why some become addicted & others don't
      • Treatment
        • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
          • Functional Analysis - identifies triggers
            • Skills Training - teaches ways to cope
          • Strengths
            • Gives the ability to take control; supported by research; long-lasting
          • Weaknesses
            • Addict needs to want to do it; even if skills are gained it doesn't mean they'll be used
        • Drug therapy
          • Can be used to treat withdrawal symptoms
          • SSRIs for sex addicts
          • Naltrexone for gamblers & alcoholics
          • Strengths
            • Get well enough for CBT; evidence
          • Weaknesses
            • mixed results; don't want to switch addiction
    • Unipolar Depression
      • Etiology
        • Biological or Nature
          • Genetic disposition
            • Diathesis-stress model
              • a particular gene is triggered by a stressful event
            • Likely to get depressed due to genes
          • Strengths
            • Research, simplicity
          • Weaknesses
            • Reductionist & deterministic
        • Environment or Nurture
          • Cognitive Triad
            • Aaron Beck
            • Negative thought patterns
          • ABC Model
            • Albert Ellis
            • Activating event ? beliefs ? consequence
          • Strengths
            • Takes account into experience; gives opportunity to change
          • Weaknesses
            • Are irrational thoughts a symptom? May not be able to explain all types of depression
      • Symptoms
        • Lowering of mood
        • Lack of energy
        • Lack of motivation
      • Twice as many women as men
      • Treatment
        • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
          • Cognitive: helps change thought process
          • Behavioural: helps change actions
          • Homework between sessions
          • Strengths
            • Evidence; long-lasting; combats helplessness
          • Weaknesses
            • Patient needs to want to do it; ethics of changing someone's thoughts
        • Drug therapy
          • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
          • Serotonin & Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
          • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
          • Tricyclics (TCAs)
          • Strengths
            • Get well enough for CBT; 50-60% show improvement
          • Weaknesses
            • Side effects; don't actually deal with the cause

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