Psychodynamic approach
- Created by: Gemma
- Created on: 01-05-13 16:20
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- PsychodynamicApproach
- Key terms
- Conscious
- What we are aware of
- Preconscious
- Not in conscious memory but we can access it if needed
- Unconscious
- We cannot access on our own/ we don't know about
- Conscious
- Freud's psychosexual stages
- Oral
- 0-2 years
- Organ of pleasure- mouth
- Anal
- 2-3 years
- Organ of pleasure- anus
- Phalic
- 3-6 years
- organ of pleasure- genitals
- Latency
- 6-puberty
- no organ of pleasure
- Genital
- puberty - adulthood
- Oral
- Gender development
- Electra Complex
- Same as oedipus but for girls
- girls find out they haven't got a penis- penis envy
- Girl identifies with her mother and learns gender role so she can possess her father
- A girls always remails slightly fixated in the phalic stage although she has identified with mother
- He super ego develops
- A girls always remails slightly fixated in the phalic stage although she has identified with mother
- Girl identifies with her mother and learns gender role so she can possess her father
- girls find out they haven't got a penis- penis envy
- Same as oedipus but for girls
- Oedipus Complex
- Boys natural love for mother turns sexual due to phalic stage
- Boy feels aggression towards father who is in the way and love for his mother which is unconscious
- Parent tells of son for masterbating
- Causing castration fear
- Castration fear becomes stronger than desire to posses mother
- Boy has to identity with father and learn gender behaviour
- Boy does what father does, he absorbs fathers approach to social rules and develops super ego
- Boy has to identity with father and learn gender behaviour
- Castration fear becomes stronger than desire to posses mother
- Causing castration fear
- Parent tells of son for masterbating
- Boy feels aggression towards father who is in the way and love for his mother which is unconscious
- Boys natural love for mother turns sexual due to phalic stage
- Strength of theory
- Novel approach to explaining mental disorders
- Unique methods- specifically developed for own person
- Tried to be scientific and rigorous
- Unwilling to analyse dreams out of context
- he wasn't as subjective as though- 'sometimes a cigar is just a guitar'
- Weaknesses
- Lack of evidence
- Ideas from own experience- subjective
- Concepts aren't measureable
- Used case studies
- Hard to show reliability as it is a unique case so cannot be repeated
- Drew his conclusions from a small sample
- Middle-class Viennese woman- certain neuroses
- No range of different classes & types of people
- Hard to generalise
- Electra Complex
- Defence mechanisms
- Repression
- Putting into the unconsious unconsiously
- Displacement
- taking out impulses on a less threatening target
- ways of protecting the ego when there is conflict between the demands of the Id and the superego
- Repression
- Little Hans
- Weaknesses
- Case study involves subjective interpretation- not reliable
- Parents were followers of Fread- Biased
- There are other explanations- Bowlby- A child needs their mother as an attachment figure in their early years
- Methods are not scientific so are not testable, not easily repeated= not reliable
- Strengths
- Data was valid as it was comprehensive, covering dreams events, ideas and feelings- Hans talked freely about problems- true to life
- Led to psychoanalysis + other psychotherapies being developed
- Freud focuses on unconscious processes- 'talking cure' and 'listening cure' have been built upon
- Conclusion
- Freud thought the study was evidence for his psychosexual stages and theory of how gender develops
- Description of Themes
- Hans had an interest in his 'widdler' and was told of for touching it
- Hans seemed to want his father to die and he was jealous of his sister
- Hans agreed to Freud's and his fathers suggestion that he wanted his sister to drown when she was being washed by his mother
- Hans seemed to want his father to die and he was jealous of his sister
- He has a phobia of horeses
- He heard a father of a girl telling her to not touch it. He was also scared of black on horses and things in front of their eyes
- Hans was playing with dolls and 'having children'
- His father said boys can't have children and Hans replied that his mum is the children's mother and Hans is the dad
- Hans had an interest in his 'widdler' and was told of for touching it
- Procedure
- Used a case study- only one person and in depth information
- He used dream analysis
- Gathered infromation from Han's father
- Han'smother and father documented his development
- Weaknesses
- Key Issues
- Do dreams have meaning
- For
- Can be measure by rapid eye movements- evidence for everybody dreams
- Some dreams mean something to the dreamer- often can relate the content with their worries
- Many people agree dreams have meaning but not about Freud's sexual interpretations
- Psycho analytic approach backs up dreams have meaning
- Most woman have many anxieties during pregnancy & it has been reported that they have more vivid dreams at this anxious time
- Little HAns backs up the theory
- He was anxious about oedipal matters and so had dreams of a mummy and daddy giraffe
- Psychodynamic approach
- It is important to uncover that meaning of the dream to cure the patient of neuroses or other mental health problems
- Against
- Could be biological
- Connected with neurotransmitters from the day and interpreted by an active brain during sleep
- Dreams are to organise events and memories and remove irrelevant thoughts from the day
- Dreams aren't testable in an objective & scientific way- not measurable and not accessible
- Interpretation by an analyst is open to subjectivity. Even if dreams have hidden meaning you cannot tell whether the interpretation is correct
- Could be biological
- For
- Do dreams have meaning
- Designs
- Correlation
- Strengths
- Little manipulation of variable
- Can show a relationship that might not be expected and can point to new areas for research
- Weaknesses
- A relationship is found without finding whether the two variables are casually or chance related
- Does not show a true cause and effect
- Tend to lack validity
- At least one variable has to be operationalised which makes it unnatural
- A relationship is found without finding whether the two variables are casually or chance related
- Strengths
- Longitudinal studies
- Follow one sit of participants over time
- Strengths
- Useful for looking at development trends- main way to see how an individual's development affects certain characteristics
- Use the same participants- participant variables will not give bias in the results
- Weaknesses
- Difficult to keep all the participants for each of the measure & people drop out
- So the sample can become biased if certain groups of people leave
- The researchers may change over time. This can affect the study as relationships with the partcipants may differ
- Difficult to keep all the participants for each of the measure & people drop out
- Cross-sectional studies
- Measures taken at one moment in time
- Strengths
- gather immediate results
- Cheaper
- more ethical
- Weaknesses
- different participants are used in the conditions so participant variables can affect the results
- Many differnt variables in the two situations being tested that cannot be controlled, e.g.the environement of the two groups, their background or their friendship groups
- Correlation
- Freud's theory of Personality
- Id
- Pleasure principle
- Innate drive for physical gratification
- Ego
- Conscious part of mind
- Reality principle
- Superego
- Morality principle
- Related to our conscience
- Id
- Levels of Measurement
- Nominal
- Lowest level of measurement
- Numbers are just in Categories
- E.g. ticking boxes
- Numbers are just in Categories
- Lowest level of measurement
- Ordinal
- The numbers are rankings
- E.g. A scale
- The numbers are rankings
- Interval
- Ratio
- data which has a true zero
- E.g. Time, weight, length
- data which has a true zero
- Gaps between one score and the next are equivilant
- E.g. Number of words recalled
- You can say that the person who remembered 40 words remembered twice as much as someone who remember 20 words
- E.g. Number of words recalled
- Ratio
- Nominal
- Key terms
- Dibs - Axline
- Description of themes
- Dibs showed that he was a gifted child who could read, spell and understand complex concepts
- He used dolls and toy soldiers to act out situations with his family in the therapy room
- He showed hatred for his father by burying the toy soldier he called 'Papa' in the sand
- He said he did not like locked rooms or walls
- He was angry with his family
- Conclusion
- Play therapy allowed Dib's feelings to be worked through and allowed him to find himself.
- The overcontrolling superego would mean he had no balanced personality; play therapy allowed a balance to be found
- Proedure
- Case study
- Play therapy sessions
- PsychodynamicApproach
- Key terms
- Conscious
- What we are aware of
- Preconscious
- Not in conscious memory but we can access it if needed
- Unconscious
- We cannot access on our own/ we don't know about
- Conscious
- Freud's psychosexual stages
- Oral
- 0-2 years
- Organ of pleasure- mouth
- Anal
- 2-3 years
- Organ of pleasure- anus
- Phalic
- 3-6 years
- organ of pleasure- genitals
- Latency
- 6-puberty
- no organ of pleasure
- Genital
- puberty - adulthood
- Oral
- Gender development
- Electra Complex
- Same as oedipus but for girls
- girls find out they haven't got a penis- penis envy
- Girl identifies with her mother and learns gender role so she can possess her father
- A girls always remails slightly fixated in the phalic stage although she has identified with mother
- He super ego develops
- A girls always remails slightly fixated in the phalic stage although she has identified with mother
- Girl identifies with her mother and learns gender role so she can possess her father
- girls find out they haven't got a penis- penis envy
- Same as oedipus but for girls
- Oedipus Complex
- Boys natural love for mother turns sexual due to phalic stage
- Boy feels aggression towards father who is in the way and love for his mother which is unconscious
- Parent tells of son for masterbating
- Causing castration fear
- Castration fear becomes stronger than desire to posses mother
- Boy has to identity with father and learn gender behaviour
- Boy does what father does, he absorbs fathers approach to social rules and develops super ego
- Boy has to identity with father and learn gender behaviour
- Castration fear becomes stronger than desire to posses mother
- Causing castration fear
- Parent tells of son for masterbating
- Boy feels aggression towards father who is in the way and love for his mother which is unconscious
- Boys natural love for mother turns sexual due to phalic stage
- Strength of theory
- Novel approach to explaining mental disorders
- Unique methods- specifically developed for own person
- Tried to be scientific and rigorous
- Unwilling to analyse dreams out of context
- he wasn't as subjective as though- 'sometimes a cigar is just a guitar'
- Weaknesses
- Lack of evidence
- Ideas from own experience- subjective
- Concepts aren't measureable
- Used case studies
- Hard to show reliability as it is a unique case so cannot be repeated
- Drew his conclusions from a small sample
- Middle-class Viennese woman- certain neuroses
- No range of different classes & types of people
- Hard to generalise
- Electra Complex
- Defence mechanisms
- Repression
- Putting into the unconsious unconsiously
- Displacement
- taking out impulses on a less threatening target
- ways of protecting the ego when there is conflict between the demands of the Id and the superego
- Repression
- Little Hans
- Weaknesses
- Case study involves subjective interpretation- not reliable
- Parents were followers of Fread- Biased
- There are other explanations- Bowlby- A child needs their mother as an attachment figure in their early years
- Methods are not scientific so are not testable, not easily repeated= not reliable
- Strengths
- Data was valid as it was comprehensive, covering dreams events, ideas and feelings- Hans talked freely about problems- true to life
- Led to psychoanalysis + other psychotherapies being developed
- Freud focuses on unconscious processes- 'talking cure' and 'listening cure' have been built upon
- Conclusion
- Freud thought the study was evidence for his psychosexual stages and theory of how gender develops
- Description of Themes
- Hans had an interest in his 'widdler' and was told of for touching it
- Hans seemed to want his father to die and he was jealous of his sister
- Hans agreed to Freud's and his fathers suggestion that he wanted his sister to drown when she was being washed by his mother
- Hans seemed to want his father to die and he was jealous of his sister
- He has a phobia of horeses
- He heard a father of a girl telling her to not touch it. He was also scared of black on horses and things in front of their eyes
- Hans was playing with dolls and 'having children'
- His father said boys can't have children and Hans replied that his mum is the children's mother and Hans is the dad
- Hans had an interest in his 'widdler' and was told of for touching it
- Procedure
- Used a case study- only one person and in depth information
- He used dream analysis
- Gathered infromation from Han's father
- Han'smother and father documented his development
- Weaknesses
- Key Issues
- Do dreams have meaning
- For
- Can be measure by rapid eye movements- evidence for everybody dreams
- Some dreams mean something to the dreamer- often can relate the content with their worries
- Many people agree dreams have meaning but not about Freud's sexual interpretations
- Psycho analytic approach backs up dreams have meaning
- Most woman have many anxieties during pregnancy & it has been reported that they have more vivid dreams at this anxious time
- Little HAns backs up the theory
- He was anxious about oedipal matters and so had dreams of a mummy and daddy giraffe
- Psychodynamic approach
- It is important to uncover that meaning of the dream to cure the patient of neuroses or other mental health problems
- Against
- Could be biological
- Connected with neurotransmitters from the day and interpreted by an active brain during sleep
- Dreams are to organise events and memories and remove irrelevant thoughts from the day
- Dreams aren't testable in an objective & scientific way- not measurable and not accessible
- Interpretation by an analyst is open to subjectivity. Even if dreams have hidden meaning you cannot tell whether the interpretation is correct
- Could be biological
- For
- Do dreams have meaning
- Designs
- Correlation
- Strengths
- Little manipulation of variable
- Can show a relationship that might not be expected and can point to new areas for research
- Weaknesses
- A relationship is found without finding whether the two variables are casually or chance related
- Does not show a true cause and effect
- Tend to lack validity
- At least one variable has to be operationalised which makes it unnatural
- A relationship is found without finding whether the two variables are casually or chance related
- Strengths
- Longitudinal studies
- Follow one sit of participants over time
- Strengths
- Useful for looking at development trends- main way to see how an individual's development affects certain characteristics
- Use the same participants- participant variables will not give bias in the results
- Weaknesses
- Difficult to keep all the participants for each of the measure & people drop out
- So the sample can become biased if certain groups of people leave
- The researchers may change over time. This can affect the study as relationships with the partcipants may differ
- Difficult to keep all the participants for each of the measure & people drop out
- Cross-sectional studies
- Measures taken at one moment in time
- Strengths
- gather immediate results
- Cheaper
- more ethical
- Weaknesses
- different participants are used in the conditions so participant variables can affect the results
- Many differnt variables in the two situations being tested that cannot be controlled, e.g.the environement of the two groups, their background or their friendship groups
- Correlation
- Freud's theory of Personality
- Id
- Pleasure principle
- Innate drive for physical gratification
- Ego
- Conscious part of mind
- Reality principle
- Superego
- Morality principle
- Related to our conscience
- Id
- Levels of Measurement
- Nominal
- Lowest level of measurement
- Numbers are just in Categories
- E.g. ticking boxes
- Numbers are just in Categories
- Lowest level of measurement
- Ordinal
- The numbers are rankings
- E.g. A scale
- The numbers are rankings
- Interval
- Ratio
- data which has a true zero
- E.g. Time, weight, length
- data which has a true zero
- Gaps between one score and the next are equivilant
- E.g. Number of words recalled
- You can say that the person who remembered 40 words remembered twice as much as someone who remember 20 words
- E.g. Number of words recalled
- Ratio
- Nominal
- Key terms
- Description of themes
- Freud's case studies
- Free association- person talks about everything they want and the analyst looks for unconscious thoughts and desires
- Dream and symbol analysis- person describes a dream and the anayst looks for meaing- Latent content
- Slips of the toungue- mistakes that reveal unconscious desires
- Inferential tests
- P < 0.05
- The probability of the results being due to chance is less than or equal to 5%
- Mann-Whitney
- Ordinal data
- Independant groups
- Finding a difference
- Independant groups
- Ordinal data
- Spearman's Rho
- Ordinal data
- Correlation
- Ordinal data
- Chi-squared
- Nominal data
- Independent groups
- Finding a difference/ association
- Independent groups
- Nominal data
- P < 0.05
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