Psychodynamic Approach
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- Created on: 12-05-19 16:56
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- Psychodynamic Approach
- Sigmund Freud
- when he realised there was no cause for physical symptoms of his patients, he proposed they were caused by deep-rooted psychological conflict with the unconscious mind which influences behaviour
- adult behaviour is influenced by childhood experiences
- abnormal behaviour is the result of mental conflict
- this approach states unconscious forces in our mind determine our thoughts, feelings and behaviours
- the mind
- conscious
- the part of our mind we know about and are aware of
- thoughts and perceptions are store here
- preconscious
- thoughts and ideas we may become aware of during things like dreams or Freudian slips
- Freudian slips are slips of the tongue e.g. calling a teacher 'mom'
- memories and knowledge are stored here
- thoughts and ideas we may become aware of during things like dreams or Freudian slips
- unconscious
- a vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts which have a significant effect on both behaviour and personality
- stores traumatic experiences and irrational wishes
- conscious
- the personality
- the id
- the part that operates on the pleasure principle and demand instant gratification, it is a mass of unconscious drives and instincts
- this is the only part present at birth
- the needs of the id are focused on hunger, thirst and sex
- the ego
- the mediator of the id and superego which operates on the reality principle
- the ego develops when a person is about 2 years old
- the ego seeks to satisfy the id in a socially acceptable way as it is logical and rational
- the superego
- our internalised sense of right and wrong which operates on the morality principle
- based on the moral standards of the child's same-sex parent
- develops at about 5-6 years old
- the id
- psychosexual stages
- erogenous zones are different parts of our bodies which become particularly sensitive as we grow
- oral
- the mouth is the focus of sensation and pleasurable experiences
- happens from birth to 1 year old
- biological evidence proves babies have more nerve endings in their mouths
- from a survival point of view, deriving pleasure from suckling is important due to breastfeeding
- may become fixated in this stage as an adult if you are under or over fed as a baby
- anal
- the child derives pleasures from the retention or expulsion of faeces
- happens from 1-3 years old
- when the ego develops
- a person may become fixated in this stage if they had too lax or too strict potty training
- can result in an anally retentive (controlled) or anally expulsive (controlling) personality
- an anally retentive personality can result in OCD
- can result in an anally retentive (controlled) or anally expulsive (controlling) personality
- phallic
- this is when the child becomes fully aware of gender differences and becomes obsessed with its own genitals
- this happens during 3-6 years old
- Freud says this stage is the most important
- latency
- the child develops their mastery of the world around them
- during this stage the conflicts and issues of previous issues are repressed
- happens from 6-12 years old
- genital
- marks the beginning of mature adult sexuality
- happens from 12 years old onwards
- this is the calm of latency is disrupted as the id makes powerful demands in the form of heterosexual desires
- this stage directs us towards sex and the beginnings of adult life
- libido is our sexual energy
- Freud says a person has to pass successfully though all these stages to become a successful adult
- defence mechanisms
- repression
- forcing a distressing memory out our conscious mind
- we know repression is influencing behaviour when the person is unaware of the reasons behind their behaviour
- denial
- this is the refusal to accept reality meaning the person can avoid having to deal with any painful feelings associated with a particular event
- an example of this is an alcoholic refusing to accept they have a problem despite being arrested several times and losing their job
- displacement
- this is the redirection of hostile feelings to a more acceptable target
- an example of this is someone having an argument with their partner and punches a wall or slams a wall
- triggered when we are confronted with a situation we are unable to deal with
- these are temporary and unconscious methods which distort reality so anxiety is reduced
- repression
- despite being controversial it's had a huge impact and remained a dominant force in psychology in the 20th century and has been used to explain a wide range of phenomena
- focuses on the individual so you can understand experiences in detail
- given rise to psychoanalysis which uses a range of techniques that access the unconscious
- Freud mainly used case studies for research meaning it is not generalizable or representative
- doesn't meet scientific criteria for falsification and is not open to empirical testing
- Sigmund Freud
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