Pragmatics - Maxims, Politeness and Deixis
- Paul Grice (1975)
- Evering Goffman (1955)
- Brown and Levinson (1987)
- Created by: E456
- Created on: 24-11-17 08:43
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- Pragmatics
- General definitions
- embodied knowledge
- knowledge that is associated with memories of physically experiencing something, e.g the sights and smells of visiting a city
- schema
- a bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event
- co-text
- other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text
- embodied knowledge
- Conversational Maxims (Paul Grice - 1975)
- the maxim of quantity
- do not say too little or too much
- the maxim of quality
- speak the truth
- the maxim of relevance
- keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic in hand
- the maxim of manner
- be clear and avoid ambiguity
- cooperative principle
- the general principle that people work together to communicate
- conversation maxims
- explicit principles that provide a backdrop for conversation to take place so that speakers can easily understand on another
- implacature
- an implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken
- maxims can be flouted
- the maxim of quantity
- Politeness
- Evering Goffman (1955)
- an individual has both positive and negative face needs
- interactions between people have the potential to be FTAs
- positive face need
- a universal human need to feel valued and appreciated
- negative face need
- a universal human need to feel independent and not be imposed upon
- Face theory (Brown and Levinson - 1987)
- theorize politeness as a strategy for mitigating threats to face in verbal interation
- face threatening act (FTAs)
- a speech act that has the potential to damage someone's self-esteem either in terms of positive or negative face
- Potential FTA
- Direct request
- Indirect request
- politeness strategy
- positive politeness
- negative politeness
- say nothing
- Evering Goffman (1955)
- Deixis
- words that are context-bound and whose meaning depends on who is using them, and where and when they are being used
- (1) person deixis
- names and person pronouns
- (2) spatial deixis
- adverbs of place such as 'here', 'there', demonstrative showing location such as 'this' and 'that', orientational words such as 'left' and 'right', and deictic verbs such as 'come' and 'go'
- (3) temporal deixis
- adverbs of time such as 'today', 'yesterday' and 'tomorrow'; each of these locates a speaker in and points from a particular deictic centre
- proximal deixis
- deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people close to the speaker
- distal deixis
- deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people at a distance from the speaker
- General definitions
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