Pragmatics - Maxims, Politeness and Deixis

  • Paul Grice (1975)
  • Evering Goffman (1955)
  • Brown and Levinson (1987)
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  • Created by: E456
  • Created on: 24-11-17 08:43
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  • Pragmatics
    • General definitions
      • embodied knowledge
        • knowledge that is associated with memories of physically experiencing something, e.g the sights and smells of visiting a city
      • schema
        • a bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event
      • co-text
        • other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text
    • Conversational Maxims (Paul Grice - 1975)
      • the maxim of quantity
        • do not say too little or too much
      • the maxim of quality
        • speak the truth
      • the maxim of relevance
        • keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic in hand
      • the maxim of manner
        • be clear and avoid ambiguity
      • cooperative principle
        • the general principle that people work together to communicate
      • conversation maxims
        • explicit principles that provide a backdrop for conversation to take place so that speakers can easily understand on another
      • implacature
        • an implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken
      • maxims can be flouted
    • Politeness
      • Evering Goffman (1955)
        • an individual has both positive and negative face needs
        • interactions between people have the potential to be FTAs
      • positive face need
        • a universal human need to feel valued and appreciated
      • negative face need
        • a universal human need to feel independent and not be imposed upon
      • Face theory (Brown and Levinson - 1987)
        • theorize politeness as a strategy for mitigating threats to face in verbal interation
      • face threatening act (FTAs)
        • a speech act that has the potential to damage someone's self-esteem either in terms of positive or negative face
      • Potential FTA
        • Direct request
        • Indirect request
        • politeness strategy
          • positive politeness
          • negative politeness
        • say nothing
    • Deixis
      • words that are context-bound and whose meaning depends on who is using them, and where and when they are being used
      • (1) person deixis
        • names and person pronouns
      • (2) spatial deixis
        • adverbs of place such as 'here', 'there', demonstrative showing location such as 'this' and 'that', orientational words such as 'left' and 'right', and deictic verbs such as 'come' and 'go'
      • (3) temporal deixis
        • adverbs of time such as 'today', 'yesterday' and 'tomorrow'; each of these locates a speaker in and points from a particular deictic centre
      • proximal deixis
        • deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people close to the speaker
      • distal deixis
        • deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people at a distance from the speaker

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