How and why does the number and rate of growth of population vary over time and space?
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- Created on: 11-05-17 18:40
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- P+R: How and why does the number and rate of growth of population vary over time and space?
- Factors influencing population growth: Natural Increase
- Physical: Hazards can increase death rate. Disease and climate influence BR and DR
- Demographic: Age structure (e.g. young population = high BR), sex ratio, infant DR, ethnicity
- Social: Health, socio-economic status, culture, status of women, religion, education/literacy, social services, age of marriage
- Economic: Income, employment type, standard of living, cost of children, nutrition
- Political: Policies (e.g. birth control and family planning), wars, law (e.g. women status), tax policy (e.g. family allowance)
- Population Changes over time: The demographic transition model
- Stage 1: High Fluctuating. High BR and DR. DR fluctuates due to famine etc. low life expectancy, rural population (e.g. Amazon Tribes)
- Stage 2: Early expanding: DR declines because of better nutrition and public health. BR high, rapid growth and urbanization (e.g. Bangladesh)
- Stage 3: Late expanding: BR Falling, DR low, BR falls as life expectancy increases. Rapid urbanization (e.g. Brazil)
- Stage 4: Stationary: Low BR and DR. Fluctuates with economic growth, counter-urbanization. (e.g. Britain)
- State 5: Natural decrease: BR is below DR. due to aging population, working women and counter-urbanisation (e.g. Hungary)
- Population structure of a country: Population Pyramids
- Population structure i.e. the proportion of people in various age groups influences population change.
- LEDCs = high numbers in the younger ages groups MEDCs = high numbers in old ages groups
- Factors influencing population growth: Net migration
- Forced migration: no choice e.g. expulsion of Ugandan Asians
- Voluntary: Push factors of home country e.g. lack of marriage partners, famine, unemployment, poor education, limits on freedom.
- Pull factors of destination: the opposite e.g. better climate, high wages
- Decision to migrate influenced by: age (young more mobile), sex (e.g. males in LEDCS), family status, education and wealth.
- Population theories:
- MALTHUS (1798)
- Deterministic
- Population will grow until it exceeds resources
- Deterministic
- BOSERUP (1965)
- Optimistic
- Population will grow until it puts pressure on existing resources
- Optimistic
- MALTHUS (1798)
- Global contrasts in population growth:
- LEDC: BANGLADESH
- Population: 140 million
- Birth rate: 25/1000
- Death rate: 8.5/1000
- Life expectancy: 60
- net migration: -0.75/100
- Population growth: +1.6%
- NIC: CHINA
- Population: 1332 million
- Birth rate: 13/1000
- Death rate: 7/1000
- Life expectancy: 73
- Net migration: -0.41/1000
- Population growth: +0.5%
- MEDC: ENGLAND
- Population: 61 million
- Birth rate: 4.9/1000
- Death Rate: 6.9/1000
- Life expectancy: 79
- Net migration: +0.20/1000
- Population growth:+0/6%
- LEDC: BANGLADESH
- Factors influencing population growth: Natural Increase
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