How and why does the number and rate of growth of population vary over time and space?

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  • P+R: How and why does the number and rate of growth of population vary over time and space?
    • Factors influencing population growth: Natural Increase
      • Physical: Hazards can increase death rate. Disease and climate influence BR and DR
      • Demographic: Age structure (e.g. young population = high BR), sex ratio, infant DR, ethnicity
      • Social: Health, socio-economic status, culture, status of women, religion, education/literacy, social services, age of marriage
      • Economic: Income, employment type, standard of living, cost of children, nutrition
      • Political: Policies (e.g. birth control and family planning), wars, law (e.g. women status), tax policy (e.g. family allowance)
    • Population Changes over time: The demographic transition model
      • Stage 1: High Fluctuating. High BR and DR. DR fluctuates due to famine etc. low life expectancy, rural population (e.g. Amazon Tribes)
      • Stage 2: Early expanding: DR declines because of better nutrition and public health. BR high, rapid growth and urbanization (e.g. Bangladesh)
      • Stage 3: Late expanding: BR Falling, DR low, BR falls as life expectancy increases. Rapid urbanization (e.g. Brazil)
      • Stage 4: Stationary: Low BR and DR. Fluctuates with economic growth, counter-urbanization. (e.g. Britain)
      • State 5: Natural decrease: BR is below DR. due to aging population, working women and counter-urbanisation (e.g. Hungary)
    • Population structure of a country: Population Pyramids
      • Population structure i.e. the proportion of people in various age groups influences population change.
      • LEDCs = high numbers in the younger ages groups MEDCs = high numbers in old ages groups
    • Factors influencing population growth: Net migration
      • Forced migration: no choice e.g. expulsion of Ugandan Asians
      • Voluntary: Push factors of home country e.g. lack of marriage partners, famine, unemployment, poor education, limits on freedom.
        • Pull factors of destination: the opposite e.g. better climate, high wages
      • Decision to migrate influenced by: age (young more mobile), sex (e.g. males in LEDCS), family status, education and wealth.
    • Population theories:
      • MALTHUS (1798)
        • Deterministic
          • Population will grow until it exceeds resources
      • BOSERUP  (1965)
        • Optimistic
          • Population will grow until it puts pressure on existing resources
    • Global contrasts in population growth:
      • LEDC: BANGLADESH
        • Population: 140 million
        • Birth rate: 25/1000
        • Death rate: 8.5/1000
        • Life expectancy: 60
        • net migration: -0.75/100
        • Population growth: +1.6%
      • NIC: CHINA
        • Population: 1332 million
        • Birth rate: 13/1000
        • Death rate: 7/1000
        • Life expectancy: 73
        • Net migration: -0.41/1000
        • Population growth: +0.5%
      • MEDC: ENGLAND
        • Population: 61 million
        • Birth rate: 4.9/1000
        • Death Rate: 6.9/1000
        • Life expectancy: 79
        • Net migration: +0.20/1000
        • Population growth:+0/6%

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