Unit 2; Core Studies; Piliavin et al

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  • Piliavin et al
    • Background: 38 people witnessed Kitty Genovese's murder but none helped
      • 'diffusion of responsibility' : people thought others would help
    • Research Questions
      • would victim being drunk or ill have an effect?
      • would victim being black or white have an effect?
      • effect if someone modelled helping behaviour?
      • is there a relationship between behaviour & amount of witnesses?
    • IV: victim was drunk/ill/white/black ; model was early/late/ critical area /adjacent area
      • DV: race/sex /location of witnesses, # who helped, length of time for help to be given
    • Sample: 103 trials with 4450 people; 45% black, 55% white
    • Procedure
      • carried out  on New York subway on weekdays from 11am-3pm
      • 70 seconds in, victim collapses & lays on floor until help comes
      • victims all male 3 white 1 black dressed casually either holding a cane or alcohol
      • model always white male helped after 70 secs or 150 secs & stood in either critical area or the adjacent area
    • Results
      • "its for men to help" , "i wish i could help him - i'm not strong enough"
      • more comments made about drunk victim
      • in 62/65 trials; cane got help in median of 5 seconds
      • in 19/38 trials; drunk got help in 109 secs
      • 90% of 81 helpers were male
      • tendency for same race helping
      • later model came, less impact he had
    • Explanation: observing a 'scene' gives unpleasant emotional arousal states
      • increases with time, empathy, closer proximity,
      • decreases if help given, leave scene, or reject victim as needing help
    • Ethics: broke consent, deception, debrief, protection from harm
    • Reliability & validity
      • IR: clear controls & objective data
      • ER: needs more drunk & black trials, too few model conditions
      • IV: signif patterns, some may have seen before so changed behaviour
      • EV: large & diverse sample, excludes workers
    • Ethnocentrism: only in NY but diverse poulation
    • Summary
      • Social area; looks at how others affect helping behaviour
      • People in need: see how affected by different scenarios
    • Debates: Usefulness
      • Good Samaritan law in France; fined if don't help

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