phobias
- Created by: laurguy11
- Created on: 17-05-17 19:54
View mindmap
- PHOBIAS
- CHARACTERISTICS
- a disorder in which fearful anxiety occurs in response to specific objects or situations
- shows a marked and persistent fear out of all proportion to the actual danger posed by the situation
- psychological symptoms - feelings of restlessness and dread, difficulty with concentration, and irritability
- physical symptoms - shortness of breath, nausea, shaking, headaches, palpitations, and muscle tension
- BEHAVIOURAL EXPLANATIONS
- two-process model
- the theory that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
- Little Albert study
- US (loud noise) + NS (rat) = UR (fear)
- Little Albert study
- operant conditioning maintains the phobia - escape (reduction in anxiety) acts as a positive reinforcement (reward)
- Ohman et al (1975) - fewer electric shocks were needed to condition an anxiety response to fear relevant image (spider) than fear irrelevant image (flower)
- learned fear responses to fear irrelevant images extinguished whereas fear relevant ones didn't
- people are more likely to learn fear responses to some stimuli than others
- Seligman's preparedness theory
- subjected to stressful experience
- could've triggered phobias outlasting the study
- the theory that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
- association between two stimuli is not always enough to cause a phobia
- two-process model
- BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENTS
- systematic desensitisation
- heirarchy
- practise relaxation techniques
- longer process
- list of situations involving their phobia
- aim to reach the top of the hierarchy whilst maintaining a relaxed state
- a behavioural therapy used to treat phobias by working through an anxiety hierarchy in a relaxed state
- flooding
- a behavioural therapy where a person is inescapably exposed to the object of their phobia
- there is a limit to how long the body can remain in an anxiety response
- forced to face their phobia until the fear response disappears
- in vivo exposure - face to face exposure
- in vitro exposure - imaginary exposure
- quicker than systematic desensitisation
- EFFECTIVENESS AND APPROPRIATENESS
- most effective when able to identify the source of the phobia (more difficult with social phobia)
- range of therapies more effective than just one
- require exposure which puts the individual in a stressful situation
- should only be undertaken by those trained
- systematic desensitisation
- CHARACTERISTICS
- types of phobia
- specific phobia - anxious in the presence of a particular object or situation
- CHARACTERISTICS
- a disorder in which fearful anxiety occurs in response to specific objects or situations
- shows a marked and persistent fear out of all proportion to the actual danger posed by the situation
- psychological symptoms - feelings of restlessness and dread, difficulty with concentration, and irritability
- physical symptoms - shortness of breath, nausea, shaking, headaches, palpitations, and muscle tension
- social phobia - experience anxiety in social situations
- agoraphobia - anxious in situations they cannot easily leave
Comments
No comments have yet been made