Personal Rule
- Created by: LamisaAmber
- Created on: 09-05-17 08:48
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- Personal Rule 1629-40
- Finance
- Methods of collecting money
- Ship Money 1635
- Most profitable collection of money - £190,000 py brought in
- Usually levied in times of emergency, only on coastal settlements
- Charles imposed it in peacetime on whole nation. Continued to collect it each year - new form of taxation?
- Financial absolutism according to Whigs
- Falls to only 25% collection in 1639 - unpopularity of it
- Charles imposed it in peacetime on whole nation. Continued to collect it each year - new form of taxation?
- 1629 - £2million crown debt due to foreign policy and wars
- Legally Justified
- Customs Revenues - collected T&P w/out parliamentary consent. Allowed to w/ prerogative but uncommon
- Crown revenue increased to £2000,000 py due to customs
- Reducing expenditure - entrenchment. e.g. Ends Spanish war 1630 and French war 1629
- Monopolies and Grants - could grant to companies through loophole e.g. 'Popish soap' granted soap monopoly to Catholic company = resentment
- Customs Revenues - collected T&P w/out parliamentary consent. Allowed to w/ prerogative but uncommon
- Fiscal Feudalism - Arbituary
- Prerogative rights which had fallen into disuse
- Commission for Defective Titles - raised rent of crown lands
- Distraint of Knighthood - strained allegiance to crown. Yielded £170,000
- Application of Forest Law - dubious. Extended boundaries of royal forests - could be fined for imposing on new boundaries. Yielded £40,000
- Legally Justified
- Ship Money 1635
- Opposition
- Hampden Case 1637
- Gentry, refused to pay, national importance - huge public interest.
- King only narrowly won the case - sparked dozens of petitions against SM = 1639 'tax revolt'
- Some support Charles collection of money as he is king e.g. Kentish Gentry
- However others complained of attack on personal liberties e.g. tenants of Earl of Warwick
- Hampden Case 1637
- Methods of collecting money
- Religion
- Laudian Reforms
- Abolished family pews, sign of status = angered gentry
- Enforced visitations by bishops into running of Parish churches
- Altar Reform - to be placed at east end of Church and railed off so separated priest from congregation
- Book of Common Prayer to be enforced, 39 Articles and Catechism
- Discipline and uniformity enforced across country
- Beauty of Holiness - cultural and artistic reforms - elaborate furnishings
- Believed in high church and salvation
- Book of Sports 1633 - anti-sabbatarian - upset Puritans
- Feofees for impropriation1633 - Puritan trustees taken to court and banned - attack on Puritans
- Censorship of hostile pamphlets, preachers freedom of expression reduced, uniform rituals and practices enforced
- 1640 Canons - affirm DR of K, Etcetera Oath to C of E - angers puritans
- Arminianism
- Fear of absolutism - obedience to state emphasised, use of prerogative courts
- Puritans fear destruction - seemingly personal attacks e.g. Feoffees
- Fear of Catholicism e.g. ritual, lead to absolutist monarchs
- Crossover from religion into politics - Lord Treasure is Catholic
- Gentry fear social disorder due to men of high status being challenged
- Fear of absolutism - obedience to state emphasised, use of prerogative courts
- Laud
- Low-born, merchants son, resented by gentry
- Fast promotion from Bishop of St.Davids 1625 to AB of C 1633
- Rude, not likeable, bureaucrat, figure of ridicule
- Some see Laud's reforms as downfall of Staurts
- Opposition
- Prynne, Bastwick and Burton 1637
- Prynne denounced Bishops in 'News from Ipswich' and called female actors 'notorious whores'
- Prosecuted by Star Chamber - ears cropped, imprisoned for life, £5000 fine
- Burton and Bastwick prosecuted by Star Chamber for attacking Bishops in pamphlets
- Made to stand in pillory, fined, SL branded on cheek, life imprisonment
- People began to challenge PR - seen as tyrannical, blamed Laud. Huge public sympathy for PB&B - crowds cheered them on - seen as attack on gentry, public humiliation
- Prynne denounced Bishops in 'News from Ipswich' and called female actors 'notorious whores'
- Created political and social impacts
- Prynne, Bastwick and Burton 1637
- Laudian Reforms
- Thorough
- Wentworth in Ireland
- Plantations created by Protestant settlers off the Catholic pop - affecting native Irish and Old English settlers
- Ireland previously a burden - deficit of £20,000 py, made them profitable from customs duties and exploiting Irish parl into granting him subsidies under Poyning's Law
- Elevated king's prerogative and central authority but alienated people
- Achieved strict control in Ireland but collapsed after he leaves
- Imposed Laudian uniformity on the Church - introduced 39 Anglican articles 1634
- Opposed by all four sections of society (old english, new english, native Irish and Ulster Prebysterians) + religious problems too deep-seated to solve.
- English feared policies as blueprint for absolutism in England
- Opposed by all four sections of society (old english, new english, native Irish and Ulster Prebysterians) + religious problems too deep-seated to solve.
- Created an Irish army, financed by the Irish
- Restored alienated crown and church lands by intimidating juries and frightening opponents, capitalised on divisions to gain money
- Plantations created by Protestant settlers off the Catholic pop - affecting native Irish and Old English settlers
- Council of the North
- Extended royal rule by curtailing power of regional magnates
- Enforced good poor relief and was fair to them, didn't favour the rich
- Introduces Book of Orders 1631 - efficiency and thorough implemented
- Created opposition - absolutist, interfering with local tradition of governance
- Wentworth in Ireland
- Scottish Policy
- 1st Bishops' War
- Kirk meets 1638 - bans liturgy, ecclesiasticalcanons and bishops
- C wants Scotland to choose King over religion = choose religion = war
- C goes to war with scotland - unprecedented - usually call parliament before going to war
- His army is inadequate, underestimates Scots' power, needs finances for war effort = has to call parliament = Short Parliament
- Army reluctant to fight scots, people reluctant to pay taxes to fund war, poorly trained and equipped local armies
- Treaty of Berwick - failed negotiations to disband armies = 2nd Bishops' War = Long Parliament
- Army reluctant to fight scots, people reluctant to pay taxes to fund war, poorly trained and equipped local armies
- His army is inadequate, underestimates Scots' power, needs finances for war effort = has to call parliament = Short Parliament
- Religion in Scotland
- Scottish Kirk = calvinist, low church, Presbyterian - powerful body in Scotland
- Neglected by Charles and revokes grants of land in 1625 = discontent
- Prayer book 1637 seen as attack on Scottish nationalism = united opposition against king
- The Covenant forms 1638 - swift and organised opposition - abolished Bishops & national rebellion begins
- Pledge for nationalism and calvinism
- The Covenant forms 1638 - swift and organised opposition - abolished Bishops & national rebellion begins
- 1635 new liturgy = St Giles Cathedral riot in Edinburgh when new service read - too high church
- 1st Bishops' War
- Nature of Personal Rule
- Charles' Court
- Patronage of Catholic artists, factions, French Catholics due to HM,
- raised suspicions of Arminianism - very 'political court'
- Many pictures of himself around Court - fear of absolutist monarchy
- Aim of dignity, morality and discipline - formal and rigid
- Formal and private, inward looking
- Maasques (spectacles, plays) disdained by Protestants - immoral
- Patronage of Catholic artists, factions, French Catholics due to HM,
- Local Government
- Charles = conservative, no structural overhaul
- Tried to increase uniformity and efficiency
- Communities disliked outside intervention
- Corruption of JPs and seen as absolutist
- Law Courts
- Star Chamber - non political, trivial matters - seen as despotic
- Used to attack anyone opposed to gov policy
- Increased revenue by imposing fines on 'criminals'
- Staffed by Privy Council - bias towards King
- Star Chamber - non political, trivial matters - seen as despotic
- Severe sentences, torture etc - tyrannical
- Privy Council
- Main organ of government in Personal Rule
- Staffed prerogative courts and punished offenders
- Advising monarch less important, Charles advised by closest advisors only
- Charles rarely attended any meetings - absolutist?
- Main organ of government in Personal Rule
- Charles' Court
- Finance
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