pathogens and disease
- Created by: sarahbrennan98
- Created on: 07-04-15 16:22
View mindmap
- Pathogens and Disease
- What is a disease?
- A disease is a physical or mental disorder that has set symptoms
- Pathogens
- Include bacteria, fungi, and viruses
- Pathogens can cause disease in numerous ways...
- Production of toxins
- Rupturing a cell by releasing nutrients such as proteins inside the cell
- staving the host cell by breaking down the nutrients within them
- replication within a host cell can cause it to burst
- The ability for a pathogen to cause disease depends on these things..
- Location - what tissue is colonised
- Infectivity - how easily a bacterium can enter the host cell
- Invasiveness - how easily a bacterium or its toxin spreads within the body
- Pathogenicity - how a bacterium causes disease
- Lifestyle choices
- Poor lifestyle choices can lead to a person being more at risk to certain diseases...
- Cancer
- Smoking
- Exposure to sunlight
- Alcohol
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Poor diet
- High in saturated fat or salt
- Smoking
- Lack of exercise
- alcohol
- Poor diet
- Cancer
- Changing a lifestyle for the better wont get rid of the chance of getting a disease, but it will reduce the likely hood of the disease develpoing
- Poor lifestyle choices can lead to a person being more at risk to certain diseases...
- The Immune System
- Phagocytes engulf pathogens...
- a phagocyte recognizes that a pathogens antibodies are foreign
- The Cytoplasm moves around the pathogen and contains it in the phagocytic vacuole
- Lysosomes then break down the pathogen
- The phagocyte places antigens on its surface to activate T-Cells
- T-Cells are a type of white blood cell. They either activate B-Cells or kill pathogens
- B-Cells are white blood cells that are covered in antibodies
- The antibodies of the B-Cell binds with the pathogen to form a antigen-antibody complex
- B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells. These have many functions...
- They coat the pathogen to make it easier for the phagocyte to engulf it
- They coat the pathogen to prevent it from entering host cells
- They bind with the pathogen to neutralise toxins it produces
- B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells. These have many functions...
- The antibodies of the B-Cell binds with the pathogen to form a antigen-antibody complex
- B-Cells are white blood cells that are covered in antibodies
- T-Cells are a type of white blood cell. They either activate B-Cells or kill pathogens
- The phagocyte places antigens on its surface to activate T-Cells
- Lysosomes then break down the pathogen
- The Cytoplasm moves around the pathogen and contains it in the phagocytic vacuole
- a phagocyte recognizes that a pathogens antibodies are foreign
- Primary Responce
- The Immune System is alerted for the first time
- The production of B-Cells is slow, eventually the person will have enough of the correct antibodies but this takes a long time
- The Immune System is alerted for the first time
- Secondary Responce
- If the same pathogen re-enters the body the Immune system already has the memory B-Cells which divide into Plasma cells and memory T-Cells that create the correct T-Cells and kill the pathogen
- Pathogens in the secondary responce are usually killed before the host shows symptoms
- If the same pathogen re-enters the body the Immune system already has the memory B-Cells which divide into Plasma cells and memory T-Cells that create the correct T-Cells and kill the pathogen
- Vaccines
- vaccines contain antigens which cause the body o produce memory cells against a pathogen
- Herd Immunity- when people who haven't been vaccinated are less likely to get a disease because it is less common
- The antigens of a vaccine may be free or attached to a weakened pathogen
- Taking vaccines orally may cause the antibodies to be digested in the stomach or they may be too big to be diffused into the bood, so many vaccines are injected
- vaccines contain antigens which cause the body o produce memory cells against a pathogen
- Antigenic Variation
- pathogens may alter the antigens on its surface to re-start primary responce
- Phagocytes engulf pathogens...
- monoclonal antibodies
- drugs are attached to B-Cells which are injected into the infected person
- the B-Cell binds with the specific cells and destroys them, reducing the number of side effects
- drugs are attached to B-Cells which are injected into the infected person
- What is a disease?
Comments
No comments have yet been made