Particles

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  • Particles
    • Photons
      • Elromagnetic waves are emited by a changed particle when it loses energy.
      • It can happen when a fsst moving electron is stopped (for example, in an X-ray tube) or slows down or changes directioins
      • It can also happen when an electron in a shell of an atom moves to a different shell of lower energy
      • Electromagnetic waves are emitted as short bursts of waves, each burst leaving the source in a different direction.
      • Each burt is a packet of electomagnetic waves and is refered to as a photon
      • The photoelectrical effect is the emission of electrons from a metal surface when light is directed at the surface
      • Photon energy E=hf where h is Planks constant (1.63x10^-34)
      • A laser beam consists of photons of the same frequency. The power of a laser beam is the energy per second transferred by the photons. For a beam consisting of photons of frequency f, The Power Of Beam= nhf where n is the number of photons passing through a fixed point
    • Particles and Antiparticles
      • Every particle has an antiparticle
      • For every corresponding particle there is an antiparticle that annihilates the particle and itself if they meet, converting their total mass into a photon.
      • For every corresponding particles there is an antiparticle that has exactly the same rest mass as the particle
      • For every type of particle there is a corresponding antiparticle that has exactly opposite charge to the particle if the particle has a charge
      • Annihilation- when a particle and antiparticle meat their mass is converted into radiation energy and produce 2 virtual gamma photons are produce
      • Pair productio- where a gamma photon has aenough energy to produce a particle and an antiparticle
        • A photon with less energy could not create a electron and positron
      • E=mc^2
    • Fundamental forces
      • Electromagnetic force
        • Infanet range
        • Exchange particle = gamma photon
        • Attraction (like a bumerang)
      • Weak nuclear force
        • involved inthe decay of neutrons into protons and Beata- and protons decaying into a neutrino and Beata+
        • A neutrino can interact with a neutron and cause it to change into a proton and emit Beata-
        • An antineutrino can interact with a proton and change into a neutron and emit a Beata+
      • Gravitational Force
        • Infanet range
        • Graviton Beata+ or Beata-
        • Particle which (is in between planets) works on a bumerang effect because they cannot be repulsive, they always atract
      • Strong nuclear force
        • Gluon (stick together)
          • Neutron Proton Quarks (carry charge)

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