chemistry, topic 5, organic chemistry

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  • organic chemistry
    • hydrocarbons
      • a compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon
      • alkanes
        • methane (CH4)
        • ethane (C2H6)
        • propane (C3H8)
        • butane (C4H10)
        • properties
          • shorter chains
            • less viscous
            • more volatile
            • more flammable
          • longer chains
            • opposite of shorter chains
        • combustion
          • coplete combustion produces water + CO2
      • Crude oil
        • formation
          • fish die and fall to ocean floor
            • more stuffs pile on top creating pressure
              • pressure + high temp from mantle turns fish into crude oil
        • fractional distillation
          • crude oil is vapourised, then enters fractionating collum
            • in collum theres a temperature gradient (hot at bottom, cool at top)
              • longer hydrocarbon chains condense at bottom and are collected
                • shorter chains condense at top
        • cracking
          • used to split up longer chains as they have little uses
            • into alkanes and alkenes
          • catalytic cracking
            • alkanes are vapourised and passed powdered aluminium oxide
          • steam cracking
            • alkanes and vapourised and passed through steam
      • alkenes
        • have a double bond (C=C) so unsaturated
          • double bond can break to form more bonds so they are more reactive than alkanes
        • combustion
          • can do complete combustion but rarely
          • usually burn with smoky flame
            • produce C, CO, CO2 and H2O
        • reaction of alkenes
          • hydrogenation
            • adds hydrogen, produces and alkane
          • steam reaction
            • steam + alkene= alcohol
          • halogen reaction
            • eg, ethene+ bromine= dibromoethane
          • polymerisation
            • many alkenes break the double band
              • they join together to form long chains
    • alcohols
      • -OH funtional group
      • properties
        • soluble in water
        • react with sodium
        • oxidised to produce carboxylic acid
        • flammable to produce CO2 and H2O
      • uses
        • solvents (they dissolve most things that wtaer can and more)
        • fuels eg. in spirit burners
    • carboxyllic acids
      • functional group -COOH
      • react like other acids
      • dissolve in water but don't completely ionise
      • carboxyllic acids react with alcohols to produce esters
        • alcohols
          • -OH funtional group
          • properties
            • soluble in water
            • react with sodium
            • oxidised to produce carboxylic acid
            • flammable to produce CO2 and H2O
          • uses
            • solvents (they dissolve most things that wtaer can and more)
            • fuels eg. in spirit burners
        • eg ethanol + ethanoic acid = ethyl ethanoate
    • condensation polymerisation
      • involves 2 funtional groups (a diol and a dicarboxyllic acid
      • alcohol loses H off both sides
      • carboxyllic acid loses OH off both sides
      • loses a small molecule eg. water
      • produces a polyester
    • naturally occuring polymers
      • amino acids
        • contain amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
        • proteins or polypeptides are a chain of amino acids
      • DNA
        • made of two chains of nucleotides
      • sugars
        • made of C, O and H
        • react through polymeristaion to produce carbohydrate/starch or cellulose

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