Organic Chemistry
- Created by: laylajwx
- Created on: 20-01-20 12:59
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- AS organic chemistry
- Alkanes
- Saturation
- 4 carbon
- 3 to hydrogen and 1 to carbon
- 2 to carbon and 2 to hydrogen
- Carbons bond singularly
- Sigma bonds
- 4 carbon
- e.g CH3CH2CH3
- Least reactive hydrocarbon species
- General formula Cn H2n + 2
- Structures
- Cycloalkane
- Branched chain
- Linear chain
- Colourless and odorless
- Saturation
- Alkenes
- Saturation
- Contains double bonds
- Pi and Sigma bonds
- Unsaturated
- Double bonds break to react with other substances
- Bromine water goes colourless when it reacts with alkenes
- Contains double bonds
- e.g CH2=CHCH3
- General formula Cn H2n
- Saturation
- Functional groups
- Alkene (C=C)
- Alkane (C-C)
- Haloalkane (-Br,F,I,Cl)
- Halo- (bromo, chloro etc)
- Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
- -anoic acid
- Alcohol (-OH)
- -ol
- alkyl (Cn H2n+1)
- Carbon prefix + yl-
- Amine (NH2)
- Amino-
- Nitrile (N)
- -nitrile
- Ketone (C=O)
- -one
- Aldehyde (COH)
- -al
- Ether (C-O-C)
- -oxy-
- Ester (COOC)
- -oate
- Amide (NH)
- -amide
- Reaction Mechanisms/Reactions
- Shows movement of electrons
- Double headed arrow - 2 electrons
- single headed arrow - one electron
- Electrophile - a substance that accepts a lone pair of electrons
- Hydrogenation
- Alkene reacts with hydrogen
- Halogenation
- Alkene reacts with halogen to create dihaloalkene
- Hydrogen Halides
- Reacts with alkene to create haloalkene
- Homolytic fission
- 1 electron to each atom to form 2 free radicals
- heterolytic fission
- 2 electrons go to one atom to form 2 ions
- free radical - highly reactive substance with an unpaired valence electron
- Homolytic fission
- 1 electron to each atom to form 2 free radicals
- Homolytic fission
- Shows movement of electrons
- Polymerisation
- addition polymerisation
- monomer is unsaturated with a double bond (C=C)
- pi bonds break to join with other monomers
- Disposal (non-biodegradable)
- landfill
- recycling
- incineration
- Representing polymers
- monomer in square brackets
- show polymer through use of the letter n
- sigma bonds end outside the square brackets
- Add "poly" in front of monomer name
- Monomer - propene Polymer - polypropane
- addition polymerisation
- Isomers
- Structural
- Same molecular formula - different structural formula
- different carbon chains
- eg C4H10
- Butane
- 2-methylpropane
- Positional Isomer
- Functional group in different place but functional group doesn't change
- eg C4H9Br
- 3-bromobutane
- 1-bromobutane
- Functional Isomer
- Same molecular formula but functional group changes
- eg C2H6O
- ethanol
- methoxymethane
- Same molecular formula - different structural formula
- Sterioisomeris
- only in alkenes
- Dependent on position of atoms around a double bond
- Cis-trans
- Cis/trans subset of E/Z
- requires two attached groups to be the same
- cis- same side
- Trans -opposite side
- E/Z
- Cis/trans subset of E/Z
- priority of groups on the carbon
- Z - priority on same side of the carbon
- Priority on opposite side of carbon
- Structural
- Alkanes
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