Opposition to the Tsarist regime (6)
- Created by: MonsurAli
- Created on: 01-06-17 16:34
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- Opposition to the Tsarist regime
- Pre-1870: emergence of new ideas and opposition
- Westernisers: wanted to catch up with the west (Turgenev). Slavophiles: wanted to preserve and modernise Russian culture (Tolstoy)
- Chernyshevsky wrote 'What is to be done?' which spread the view that peasants should lead revolution.
- Herzen had similar views and was the editor of 'The Bell'.
- Bakunin (an anarchist and socialist) wanted collective ownership of land and income based on hours worked.
- Bakunin wrote 'Catechism of a revolutionary' and Nechaev smuggled it into Russia. Spread the view that only a bloody revolution will overthrow the autocracy.
- He also translated Marx's Communist Manifesto; first copy of Das Kapital published in Russia in 1872.
- Marx believed society needs a final struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie to lead to a perfect society.
- Tchaikovsky Circle: set up in 1868-69. Literary society who organised printing, publishing etc. They published Das Kapital. Small circle (100 people), but it wanted revolution.
- Opposition between 1870-81
- 1874: Peter Lavrov encouraged 2000 young people (mainly students) to 'go to the people'. They were Narodniks (Populists) acted like peasants to be accepted so they could spread their views.
- However fears that they were secret police and due to their loyalty to the Tsar led to the peasants handing them over to the police. 1600 arrests made.
- 1876: Second Narodnik movement, but failed with many arrests.
- 1877: Narodniks established 'Land and Liberty' which started assassinations. They killed the head of the Third Section in 1878 (Mezemstev), and made several attempts on the Tsar's life.
- 1879: L&L split into
- Black Partition: Led by Plekhanov. Aimed to allocate 'black soil' (land) to peasants. Worked peacefully. However weakened by arrests in 1880-1881 and broke up. Plekhanov became a Marxist after.
- People's Will: Led by Milkhailov and larger than BP. Violent and did assassination attempts (on the Tsar too). March 1881 - Alex II assassinated by a bomb as he was travelling by coach to his Winter Palace.
- 1879: L&L split into
- 1874: Peter Lavrov encouraged 2000 young people (mainly students) to 'go to the people'. They were Narodniks (Populists) acted like peasants to be accepted so they could spread their views.
- Opposition and reaction after 1881
- Security stepped up which ended the Populists; even though some met in secret and committed acts of terrorism.
- 'Self education' circles which translated foreign socialist literature continued underground. Contacts with those in the west and in exile were maintained.
- From Switzerland, Plekhanov created the 'Emancipation of Labour' group in 1883. They smuggled in Marxist tracts and demonstrated it was applicable to Russia.
- They faced a setback at the time with a German contact being arrested, and they had limited impact.
- Plekhanov's 'two-stage revolutionary strategy' was key in the advancement of Marxism in Russia
- Pre-1870: emergence of new ideas and opposition
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